J LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. J ! 



?| ha F mm u w- - 

I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.* 



LATIN COMPOSITION 



AN ELEMENTARY GUIDE 



TO 



Writing in Lati 



N 



PART I. — CONSTRUCTIONS 






P H 



.ALLEN and L B. GREENOUGH 






I F Efcs 






— 



BOSTON 

GINN BROTHERS 

187S 



T^ 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 

J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



Cambridge : 
Press of yohn Wilson and Son. 



PREFACE. 



This book completes the series of preparatory text-books 
announced by the present editors. It has been prepared with 
a view to furnish a sufficient amount of study and practice in 
Latin composition, during the last year of preparation for col- 
lege, or the first of a college course. It supposes in the 
learner a fair acquaintance with the language, gained by the 
reading of the usual authors and the careful study of gram- 
mar and notes, with some elementary practice in writing, at 
least as much as that given in the " Method," to which this is 
intended as a sequel. 

"Latin Composition," so called, has often been taught 
solely by the use of detached sentences illustrating the vari- 
ous constructions of syntax, translated out of Roman authors, 
to be re-translated into the original form. We are persuaded 
that, however serviceable this may be to give a certain mechani- 
cal familiarity with the formal rules of Grammar, it is not a 
good preparation for " composition," in the sense that prop- 
erly belongs to that word. The best way to learn intelligently 
the usages of the language is to put real English into real 
Latin. While we seek, therefore, to cover the entire ground 
of syntactical constructions, the suggestions given in this 
book are throughout from the English point of view. The 
question we have attempted to answer is not " How closely 
may this or that phrase in Cicero be imitated by the learner ? " 



iv Preface. 

but, " How may good common English be best represented in 
Latin forms?" We would thus suggest a comparison not 
merely of the words or the constructions, but (so to speak) of 
the genius and spirit of the two tongues, which, we are con- 
vinced, is the true way of appreciating what is most character- 
istic and best worth knowing in the ancient authors. 

With this view, the passages to be rendered into Latin are 
freely selected from the sources which seemed suitable to our 
purpose.* It will be observed that we have very early intro- 
duced continuous paragraphs or narratives ; which, we believe, 
are not only more interesting in themselves, but will be found 
easier in practice than detached sentences, besides the advan- 
tage of exhibiting the rarer constructions in situ, and not as 
mere isolated puzzles. The extracts have been very carefully 
selected, with a view not to anticipate constructions not already 
given ; or, where this is inevitable, it is hoped they are suf- 
ficiently helped by notes and vocabulary, while they are accom- 
panied in every case by full preliminary instruction.! 

The earlier of these extracts are chiefly anecdotes from 
Roman history, or other matter within a range already familiar 
to the pupil. In the later ones we have been obliged to in- 
troduce, here and there, modern material and ideas. These, 
it is likely, will tax more severely the pupil's knowledge and 
capacity; but it seems evident that the more intricate con- 
structions of Latin prose can be best understood when we 
meet them from our own point of view, and find the need of 
them to express our own forms of thought. It should be 
understood that the difficulties they include are those of the 
language itself; and it is best to meet them fairly at the start, 
rather than evade or disguise them. There is no such thing 

* Of these we may specify Smith's " Smaller History of Rome," and Sargent's 
"Easy Passages for Translation into Latin." 

f It may be worth while to suggest that the teacher may at his pleasure select 
single passages or phrases for elementary practice. 



Preface. v 

as making a Ciceronian period or an indirect discourse in 
Caesar or Livy an easy thing to boys ; and the student is not 
fairly master of them until he can to some extent follow and 
reproduce them in his own work. The difficulties may, how- 
ever, be lightened to any extent, at the discretion of the 
teacher, even to the extent of going over in detail the whole 
ground of each exercise in advance. 



Cambridge, July 10, 1875. 



CONTENTS. 



Part. I. — Constructions. 

PAGE 

Lesson i. The Order of Words i 

2. Rules of Agreement. — i. Apposition .... 3 

3. „ „ 2. The Verb .... 4 

4. „ „ 3. Adjectives .... 6 

5. Adjectives : Special Uses 8 

6. Pronouns. — 1. Personal and Reflexive . . . . 10 

7. „ 2. Demonstrative 12 

8. „ 3. Relative 14 

9. „ 4. Interrogative and Indefinite . . 17 

10. Cases. — 1. As Objects of Verbs 20 

11. „ 2. As Modifying Adjectives .... 23 

12. „ . 3. Indirect Relations 25 

13. „ 4. Cause, Means, and Quality ... 28 

14. „ 5. Separation and Comparison ... 32 

15. „ 6. Special Uses of the Genitive ... 34 

16. „ 7. Use of Two Cases 37 

17. „ 8. Time and Place 39 

18. „ 9. Prepositions 42 

19. Verbs. — 1. Narrative Tenses 45 

20. „ 2. The Passive Voice 48 

21. „ 3. Infinitive Constructions 53 

22. „ 4. Participial Constructions . . . . 57 

23. „ 5. Gerundive Constructions .... 60 

24. „ 6. Subjunctive Constructions .... 62 

25. Relations of Time 66 

26. Purpose and Result 69 

27. Conditional Sentences 7 2 

28. Substantive Clauses 74 

29. Intermediate Clauses 77 

30. Indirect Discourse 80 

31. Certain Special Constructions 83 



COMPOSITION. 



PART FIRST. — CONSTRUCTIONS. 



Lesson i. 

The Order of Words. 

Read carefully the whole of § 76. Learn sub- 
section i, with c, d ; and 2. 

Note. — Though the order of words in a Latin sentence seems 
very arbitrary, yet it will be observed that almost every arrangement 
produces some effect such as must usually be given in English by 
emphasis or stress of voice. In the Exercises to follow, the pupil 
should observe the reason of any change he may make from the 
normal order, and the effect it has in making prominent some par- 
ticular word or words. He should also acquire, as early as possible, 
the habit of regarding his composition as a Latin sentence, and not 
as an English sentence turned into Latin words. And he will be 
aided in this by habitually reading over the sentence as Latin after 
he has written it, to be sure that it has a Latin sound. 

I. The normal or regular form of words in a Latin 
sentence is the following : (a) The Subject, followed 
by its modifiers; (&) the modifiers of the Predicate, 
the direct object being usually put last; (c) the Verb, 
preceded by any word or phrase which directly quali- 
fies its action. 

This is the order usually to be followed, where no 
emphasis is thrown on any particular word, as in 
simple narrative of fact : thus, 

Hannibal imperator f actus \ proximo triennio omnes 
gentes Hispaniae \ hello subefyit. — N epos, Hann. 3. 



2 Latin Composition. 

Remark. — In actual practice, the normal order of words 
is rarely found. It is continually altered, either for the sake 
of emphasis ) — to throw stress on the more important words ; 
or for the sake of euphony \ — to make the sentence more 
agreeable to the ear. 

2. Modifiers of Nouns — as adjectives (not predi- 
cate), appositives, and oblique cases used as attributes 
— usually follow the noun ; modifiers of Verbs — in- 
cluding adverbs and adverbial phrases — precede the 
verb. Genitives may come indifferently before or 
after the noun which they limit. 

3. In the arrangement of Clauses, the relative 
clause regularly comes first in Latin, and usually 
contains the antecedent noun ; while, in English, the 
demonstrative clause almost always precedes: as, 

Quos amisimus cives, eos Martis vis perculit.— Cic. 

Marc. 6. (" Those citizens whom," &c. See examples in § 48, 3. b.) 

4. In contrasted phrases or clauses, either (1) the 
same order of words is repeated {anaphora) , or (2) the 
order is reversed {chiasmus) : as, 

1. Bellnm genere necessarium magnittidine periculo- 

Stim. — id. Manil. 10. 

2. Non terror e belli, sed consilii celeritate. — (id. 11.) 

5. Almost universally the main word of the sen- 
tence is put first. This main word may be (1) simply 
the emphatic word, containing the idea most prominent 
in the writer's mind {emphasis) ; or it may be (2) con- 
trasted with some other word preceding-or. following 
(antithesis) . Compare, for example, the following : — 

1. 31. JBrutus Ciceronis amicus Caesar em inter fecit. 

2. Amicus Ciceronis M. .Brutus Caesar em interfecit. 

3. Caesarem interfecit M. JSruttis Ciceronis amicus. 

That is, "It was Caesar," &c. 



Af>f>osition. 3 

4. Interfecit Caesarem 31. Brutus Ciceronis amicus. 

Here the emphasis is thrown on the fact of killing : compare — 

5. Interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspi- 

t tones C. Gracchus. — Cic. Cat. 1. 2 (see the passage). 

6. Homae summum odium est. 

Here Rome is contrasted with Syria, which Cicero had just 
spoken of. 



Lesson 2. 

Rules of Agreement. — 1. Apposition. 

Review § 46, 1,2; Learn a, 5, c. 

Observe that in Latin simple apposition is often 
used where in English we use as, of, when, or even 
a separate clause : thus, 

1. To act as a mother, matrem se gerere. 

2. To treat Cicero as a friend, Cicerone amico uti. 

3. To regard the gods as immortal, deos aeternos habere. 

4. The city of Rome, Moma urbs. 

5. I remember seeing when a boy, puer memini videre. 

6. Publius and Lucius Scipio, JP. et X. Scipiones. 

7. Cato used to teU in his old age, Cato seneao narrahat. 

8. Fabius in his second consulship (when he was second time 

consul), Fabius consul iterum. 

N.B. In the following Exercises, words in brackets are to be 
omitted in the Latin. 

Proper Names of the first or second declension are not given in 
the Vocabulary, except where the spelling is different in English. 

Exercise 1. 

i. The consul Caius Flaminius defeated the Insu- 
brians. 1 The next consuls, Scipio and Marcellus, con- 

1 Prasnomens (as Caius) are always to be abbreviated (see § 15, 4). 
The name must here precede the title (see Note on page 1). 



4 Latin Composition. 

tinued the war. Marcellus slew Viridomarus, chief of 
the Insubrians, and Scipio his colleague took Milan, 
their chief town. 2. Give this message 1 to Tar-* 
quinius, your king. 3. O father Tiber, take me [into 
thy charge] and bear me up. 4. We have sworn to- 
gether, three hundred noble youths, against Porsena. 
5. Bocchus was gained over to the Roman cause by 
Sulla, the quaestor of Marius. 6. The consul Publius 
Rupilius brought the Servile War to an end by the 
capture of Tauromenium and Enna, the two strong- 
holds of the insurgents. 7. Sempronia, the only sister 
of Tiberius Gracchus, was married to the younger 
Scipio Africanus. 8. The next year, Lucius Cor- 
nelius Scipio, brother of the great Africanus, and 
Caius Laelius, the intimate-friend of the latter, 2 were 
consuls. 9. The Illyrians were a nation of pirates. 
10. The she-wolf acted [as a] mother. 11. The 
Academy introduced a new [branch of] knowledge 
[viz.] to know nothing. 12. Demetrius, an unprin- 
cipled Greek, surrendered to the Romans the impor- 
tant island [of] Corcyra. 13. Marius and Cicero 
were born at Arpinum, a free-town of Latium. 

1 Literally, " Report these [things] ." 2 idem. 



Lesson 3. 

Rules of Agreement. — 3. The Verb. 

i. Review § 49 (the general rule of agreement). 
Learn the sub-sections i with a, b; 2. a, b. 

Note. — The correspondence of the verb with its subject (called 
agreement) is nearly the same in most languages, though obscured 
in English by the loss of the inflectional endings. The peculiarities 



The Verb. 5 

of Latin use are given in the sub-sections cited above. The most 
important of these is the regular omission of the personal pronoun 
of the first or second person as subject (the pronoun being contained 
in the verb-ending 1 ), also of the third person whenever it is plain 
from the context. Hence the rule — 

2. The personal pronoun is never to be expressed 
in Latin, except when required for emphasis or pre- 
cision. 

3. A single idea is very often expressed in Latin by- 
two nouns connected by a conjunction (hendzadys). 
In this case the singular verb is the usual form : as, 

There is a continued series of events, est continuatio et 
series rerum. 

4. The following examples show the most frequent 
Latin usages : — 

1. Fannius and Mucius came to their father-in-law, Fannitis 

et Mucins ad socerum venerunt. 

2. Neither -ffilius nor Coruncanius thought so, nee JLelius nee 

Commcanius ita putabat. 

3. Balbus and I held up our hands, ego et JBalbus sustiili- 

mns manus. 

4. If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I are weU, si tu et 

Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. 

5. "Water and earth remained, aqua restabat et terra (more 

rarely: aqua et terra restabat). 

6. I say, aio ; they say (people say), aiunt. 

7. I strongly approve of Epicurus, for he says, &c, Epicu- 

rum valde probo 9 dicit enim 9 etc. 

8. Rational instruction prescribes, ratio et doctrina prae- 

scribit. 

N.B. The periphrastic forms of the verb come properly under 
the treatment of Adjectives, and are included in the next Lesson. 

1 So sometimes in old English or in poetry : as, Did^st ever see 
the like? (Taming of the Shrew, iv. 1). So the phrases, thank you , 
pray come, &c. 



6 Latin Composition. 

Exercise 2. 

I. Catulus in the Senate, and Cato in the forum, 
hailed Cicero [as] the father of his country. 2. Cicero 
calls Athens the inventress of arts. 3. The army 
of Hannibal lived luxuriously at Capua, a beautiful 
city of Campania. 1 4. We avoid death as-if a dis- 
solution of nature. 5. Many ancient peoples wor- 
shipped the dog and cat [as] gods. 6. The swallow, 
harbinger of Spring, had now appeared. 7. Marcus 
Manlius, the preserver of the capitol, came forward 
[as] the patron of the poor. 8. The censors, Crassus 
and Maenius, created two new tribes, the Ufentine and 
Falerian. 9. Quintus and 1 2 shall set sail to-morrow ; 
you and Tiro will wait [for] us in the harbor. 
10. Honor and shame from no condition rise. 11. To 
you, [my] son Marcus, belongs the inheritance of my 
glory and the imitation of my deeds. 12. Never is 
danger overcome without danger, as they say. 13. The 
exigency 3 of the occasion 3 demands severity. 14. The 
mad-scheme of Saturninus and the discredit of Marius 
gave-new-strength 4 to the Senate. 

1 See § 46, 2. b a In Latin, " I and Quintus." 

3 Two words with et. 4 Confiwno. 

Lesson 4. 

Rules of Agreement.— 3. Adjectives. 

i. Learn § 47 (the general rule of agreement) ; 
also sub-sections I and 2, with a, b. 

Note. — As adjectives are not inflected at all in English, the 
beginner is required to pay constant attention to the rule. Tht- 
only special difficulties likely to arise are when the same adjective 
belongs to two nouns, especially when these are of different genders. 
As to these, the principles stated in 2, with a and £, will in general 
be a sufficient guide. 



Adjectives. 7 

2. The participial forms in the compound tenses, as 

well as other participles, are treated in construction as 

adjectives : as, 

i. Caesar and Bibulus were elected consuls, Caesar et Bibu- 
lus consules creati sunt. 

2. Tullia is dead (or died), Tullia movtua est. 

3. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est. 

4. Virginius and his daughter were left alone before the judg- 

ment-seat, Virginius et ftlia ejus soli ante tribunal 
relicti sunt. 

5. The wife and little son of Regulus embraced him as he 

departed, Hegulum discedentem uxor et parvus 
filius amplexi sunt. 

Exercise 3. 

i. Brutus, the deliverer of his country, and Colla- 
tinus the husband of Lucretia, were chosen first con- 
suls at Rome. 2. Disunion and distrust were created 
among the allies by the Julian law. 3. Herculaneum 
and Pompeii 1 have been preserved to our times. 
4. The entire Senate and Roman people went out to 
meet 2 Cicero on his return from exile. 5. All sensible 
[people] had become alarmed at the mad-conduct of 
Saturninus. 6. Valerius commanding the foot, and 
Brutus being appointed to head the cavalry, went out 
to meet Tarquin on the Roman borders. 7. My uncle 
and myself, having returned to Misenum, passed an 
anxious and doubtful night. 8. Manlius during-his- 
absence 3 had been elected consul a second time. 

9. Pompey, having marched into Syria, deposed An- 
tiochus, and made the country a Roman province. 

10. The conspiracy against Caesar's life was set-on- 
foot by Caius Cassius Longinus, an enemy [of] his. 

1 Supply urbes in apposition. 

2 Obviani with dative, following egredi. s absens. 



8 Latin Composition. 

ii. Mantua, alas! too near unhappy Cremona. 1 
12. You have before your eyes Catiline, the most 
audacious of men. 13. Aurora opens the purple 
doors and the courts full of roses. 14. A boar is often 
held by a small 2 dog. 15. The wall was common 
to 3 both houses, and was cleft by 4 a narrow chink. 
16. Lepidus was defeated near the Mulvian bridge by 
Catulus, and sailed with the remainder of his forces 
to Sardinia. 

1 Dative. 2 non magnus. 3 Genitive. 4 Ablative. 



Lesson 5. 

Adjectives: Special Uses. 

i. Review § 47. Learn 3, 4 (adjectives used as 
nouns), with 6, 8, 9. 

Under these heads occur many common phrases, in 
which the Latin usage must be carefully distinguished 
from the English : as, 

1. I saw Scipio in his lifetime, Scijnonem vivum vidi. 

2. He came against his will, invitns venit. 

3. Every thing was safe, omnia tuta erant. 

4. AU of us are here, omnes adsumus, 

5. He was the first to see (he saw first), primus vidit. 

6. On the top of a tree, in summa arbore. 

7. The inner part of the house, interior domus. 

8. The rest of the crowd remained, rellqua multifudo 

manebat. 

Note. — The use of adjectives as nouns is most common in the 
masculine plural, just as in English the wise, the brave, &c. In 
the singular this use is rare, except with a few words which have 
become practically nouns, such as familiaris, an intimate friend; 
sapiens, a wise man; avarus, a miser, and with neuters as in 4. a. 
In other cases the noun is generally expressed ; and almost always 
when a feminine or neuter would be used. Hence — 



Adjectives: Special Uses. 9 

2. When any ambiguity would arise from the use 
of the adjective alone, a noun must be added : as, 

1. Boni, the good ; omnia, every tiling. 

2. All [men] must die, omnibus moriendum est* But — 

3. A good man, vir bonus* 

4. Power over every thing, potentia omnium rerum. 

3. When any other case is used than the nominative 
or accusative, the noun is more commonly expressed, 
even when not required for distinctness. 

4. An abstract notion is very often expressed in 
Latin by an adjective in the neuter plural : thus, 

1. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant. 

2. The past at least is secure, praeterita saltern tuta sunt* 

3. Choose the better part, elige meliora* 

4. Fleeting good, bona caduca. 

5. Pleasing iU, mala blanda. 

5. Adjectives are often used in Latin where in 
English we use the possessive, or a noun and preposi- 
tion : as, 

1. The fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensis, 

2. Caius Blossius of Cumae, C. JBlossius Cumanus. 

3. Another man's house, aliena domus. 

Note. — These adjectives most commonly represent the geni- 
tive, and will be treated in Lesson 15, b. 

Exercise 4. 

i. Duillius was-the-first l of the Romans to 1 conquer 
in a naval battle ; Curius Dentatus first led elephants 
in a triumph. 2. Right and wrong are by nature 
opposed to-each-other. 2 3. After [his] exile Scipio 
passed the-rest-of his life at Liternum, a small town 
of Latium. 4. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator, 
being banished from his country on 3 a false charge 

1 Simple adjective. 2 Inter se. 8 Ob. 



i o Latin Composition . 

of having received money 1 from Harpalus, was-in- 
exile at Megara. 2 He [was] afterwards recalled [and] 
returned [to] Athens in a ship sent for that [purpose] . 
5. Octavia and Livia, the one the sister of Augustus, 
the other [his] wife, had lost [their] sons, the 3 [famous] 
young Marcellus and Drusus Germanicus. 6. The 
aged senators who-had-been-consuls 4 or censors 4 sat 
in the Forum on [their] curule chairs, awaiting death. 
The Gauls found the city deserted ; but marching on 
they came to the Forum, where they beheld the old 
men sitting immovable like beings 5 of 6 another 6 world. 6 
For some time they stood 7 in-awe-at 8 the strange sight, 
till one of the Gauls ventured to go up to Marcus Papi- 
rius and stroke his white beard. The old man smote 
him on the head with 9 [his] ivory staff; then the bar- 
barian slew him, and all the rest were massacred. 

1 Lit. " of money received." 2 Abl. plural. 3 tile. 

4 Adjectives. b forma ac natura. 6 de caelo delapsus. 
7 Obstifiesco. 8 admirans followed by ace. 9 Ablative. 

Lesson 6. 

Pronouns. — 1. Personal and Reflexive. 

i. Review § 19 (Personal and Reflexive Pro- 
nouns) ; with 3. a (Possessive adjectives), d, e. Ob- 
serve that the pronouns have almost precisely the same 
syntax as nouns. 

2. The Latin never uses the plural of the second 
person (vos) for the singular you; but often the 
plural of the first person (nos) for the singular I. 

3. Of the double forms in the genitive plural, the 
form in urn is partitive, while thatin i is objective : thus, 

1. The elder of us, major nostrum. 

2. Mindful of us, memor nostri. 



Pronouns. 1 1 

4. The Reflexive pronoun (se), with its correspond- 
ing Possessive (suus), is used in some part of the 
predicate, always referring to the subject of the sen- 
tence or clause. 

Note. — In such cases we generally (not always) use self, selves, 
and own. These accordingly are not necessary in Latin, — except 
when they are emphatic, — being expressed by the reflexive or the 
personal pronoun (me, te, &c.) : — 

1. Virtue knows itself, Virtus se novit* 

2. Brutus slew his friend, Brutus amicum [suuni] occidit 

(his own friend, swum amicum). 

3. Philosophy has much pleasure in it, J^liilosopliia mul- 

tum habet in se delect atiouis* 

5. The Possessives (like other adjectives) take the 
gender, number, and case of the noun they are used 
with, not of the one they refer to. They are regularly 
omitted when they are plainly implied in the context. 

Exercise 5. 

i. Bulls defend themselves by [their] horns, boars 
by their tusks, 1 [and] lions by their teeth and claws. 

2. Horatius slew his sister with his own hand. 

3. "Young man," said Sulla, "you have strengthened 
your rival against yourself." 4. "Varus, Varus," 
cried Augustus, w give me 2 back my legions." 5. Cras- 
sus, indeed, has defeated the enemy; but I have ex- 
terminated them root-and-branch. 6. w Who art thou," 
said Brutus, "and for what purpose art-thou-come ?" 3 
"I am thy evil genius, 4 Brutus," replied the spectre; 
" thou shalt see me to-morrow at Philippi." 7. Ci- 
cero was accustomed to write down his orations. 
8. Few men know their own faults and vices. 9. How 
long a letter I have written to you with my own hand ! 

1 ictus dentium. 2 Dative. 3 Perfect active. 4 Furia, 



1 2 Latin Composition . 

10. Ancus Martius instituted the college of Heralds ; 
he also founded a colony at Ostia, at the mouth of the 
Tiber, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. n. Very- 
agreeable to me is your remembrance of me (plur.). 



Lesson 7. 

Pronouns. — £. Demonstrative. 

1. Review § 20, and learn carefully the sub-sec- 
tions 2. a to e (use of the Demonstratives), 

Note. — These Demonstratives are used much like the corre- 
sponding words in English, this, that, &c. Observe, however, that 
though they run into one another in meaning, yet regularly hie, 
ille, iste, are true demonstratives, and actually point to something ; 
while is (the pronoun of reference) only refers without pointing 
out. Thus a, a man, the man, one (who), &c., are often rendered 
by is with qui following. 

2. The Possessives fa's, hers, its, theirs, are ex- 
pressed by the genitive of a demonstrative, and have 
no difference of gender in the singular. 

3. When the word that is used instead of repeating 
a word before expressed, it is regularly omitted in 
Latin. But when a distinct object is referred to, it 
may be expressed by ille, hie, or even is ; or the noun 
itself may be repeated. Thus, — 

1. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfulness, memo- 

riae artem quam oblivionis malo. 

2. Virtue seeks no other reward except this [of which I have 

just spoken] of glory, nullam virtus aliam mercedem 
desiderat praeter hanc audis. — Cic. Arch. n. 

Note. — In such cases, the Latin often prefers some possessive 
adjective or other construction (see hereafter, Lesson 15) : as, 
The army of Caesar defeated that of Pompey at Pharsalus, 

Caesaris exercittis JPompeianos ad JPharsalum vicit. 



Pronouns. 13 

4. Contrary to the English usage, hie is generally- 
used to refer to a preceding statement or example; 
ille to a following one : as, 

That [which I have just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is 
a greater : [namely] that, etc., hoc magnum, est argumen- 
tum, sed illud majus, quod, etc. 

5. Hie often corresponds with our here, the present; 
ille to our there; and iste, yonder {by you) : as, 

1. Caius Caesar here, hie C. Caesar. 

2. Those benches yonder (by you), ista subsellia. 

3. The present (now living) Mucius Scsevola, hie 3Iucius 

Scaevola. 

6. The demonstrative pronoun regularly agrees in 
gender and number with a predicate appositive if there 
is one : as, 

This is the toil, this the task, hie labor Jioc opus est. 

7. The intensive ipse is usually put in the case of 
the subject, even where the real emphasis appears to 
be on the object : as, 

1. You praise yourself over much, ipse te nimium laudas. 

2. This thing is sufficient in itself, haec res per se ipsa 

satis est. 

N.B. — The distinction between the intensive ipse and the reflex- 
ive se — both rendered in English by "self" — requires to be care- 
fully observed (see § 20, 2. e, n.). Ipse often expresses even, very, 
or just : as, 

1. This very thing, hoc ipsum. 

2. It is just three years, tres anni ipsi sunt. 

Exercise 6. 

i. ^neas carried with him into Italy his son Asca- 
nius and the sacred Penates of-Troy. 1 He was kindly 
received by Latinus, king of the country, and married 

1 Adjective. 



14 Latin Composition. 

his daughter Lavinia. 2. All philosophers, and among 
them Epictetus, were banished from Rome by Domi- 
tian. 3. The ancients regard this [as] true riches, 
this [as] a good reputation and great renown. 4. While * 
all arrogance is hateful, at-the-same-time l that of 
genius and eloquence is by-far the most offensive. 
5. Diseases of the mind are more dangerous than 
those of the body. 6. The self-same Cato, the Cen- 
sor, thus discourses in that very book of Cicero on Old 
Age. 7. When I listen-to Cicero, I desire to write 
down his orations, so greatly they delight me. 
8. Romulus killed with his own hand Acron, king of 
Casnina, and dedicated his arms to Jupiter. 9. Upon 2 
the death of Numa an interregnum again followed ; 
but soon after Tullus Hostilius was elected king. His 
reign was as warlike as that of Numa had been peace- 
ful. 10. Servius, the sixth king of Rome, gave his two 
daughters in marriage to the two sons of Tarquinius 
Priscus, Lucius and Aruns. The former was proud and 
haughty; the latter, unambitious and quiet. 11. This 
was the third and last attempt [on the part] of the 
Tarquinii ; for by this victory the Latins were com- 
pletely humbled, and Tarquinius Superbus could apply 
to no other state for assistance. He had already sur- 
vived all his family, 3 and he now fled to-Cumas, 4 where 
he died a wretched and childless old man. 

1 cum . . . turn. 2 Ablative. 3 Dative. 4 Accusative. 



Lesson 8. 

Pronouns. — 3. Relative. 

i. Review § 48 (rule of Agreement), reading 
carefully the Note ; together with sub-sections, i, 2, 4. 



Relatives. 



is 



Note. — A relative word used as in English, merely to introduce 
a descriptive fact, is as simple in construction as a demonstrative, 
and requires no special rule. Several classes of relative clauses in 
which the mood of the verb is affected (see § 69, 2) will be treated 
hereafter. 

N.B. — Relative words include relative Pronouns, Adjectives, and 
Adverbs ; with the indefinites quisquis and quicumque, whoever. 

2. The relative is never to be omitted in Latin, 
though it often is in English. Thus, — 

1. The book you gave me, liber quern miJii declisti. 

2. I am the man I always was, is sum qui semper fui. 

3. He is in the place I told you of, eo in loco est de quo 

tibi locutus sum. 

3. The relative is often used in Latin where other 
constructions are used in English ; particularly where 
we should use a participle, appositive, or noun of 
agency : as, 

1. The book entitled Brutus, liber qui dicitur JBrutus. 

2. The existing laws, leges quae nunc sunt. 

3. The men of our day, homines qui nunc sunt. 

4. Caesar the conqueror of Gaul, Caesar qui Galliam vicit. 

5. True glory the fruit of virtue, jus ta gloria qui est fructns 

virtutis. 

4. In formal or emphatic discourse, it is often better 
to place the relative clause first ; and in such cases it 
usually contains the antecedent noun : as, 

Those evils which we suffer with many seem to us lighter, 
quae mala cum multis patimur ea nobis leviora 
videntur. 

5. When the antecedent noun is in apposition with 

the main clause or some word in it, it is to be put in 

the relative clause : as, 

Steadfast friends, a class of which there is great lack, firmi 
amici 9 cujus generis est magna penuria. 



16 Latin Composition. 

6. A relative is constantly used in Latin when 

English uses a demonstrative with and or but: as, 

i. And since these things are so, quae cum ita sint. 

2. But if they hesitate or are unwilling, qui si dubitabunt 
aut gravabuntur. 

7. When the word as is used in English as a rela- 
tive, it must be rendered in Latin by the relative pro- 
noun, adjective, or adverb which corresponds to its 
demonstrative antecedent : as, 

1. The same thing as, eadem res quae* 

2. Such (men) as, ei qui. 

3. Such a leader as we know Hannibal to have been, talis 

duoc qualem Ilannibalem novimus* 

4. There were as many opinions as men, quot homines tot 

erant sententiae. 

Exercise 7. 

i. Tiberius Gracchus was by birth 1 and marriage 2 
connected with the noblest families in the Republic : 
grandson of the conqueror of Hannibal, son-in-law of 
the chief of the Senate, and brother-in-law of the 
destroyer 3 of Carthage, 2. Quintus Silo, a Marsian, 
and Caius Papius Mutilus, a Samnite, who cherished 
an hereditary hatred against the Romans, were chosen 
consuls. 3. Sulla with his army was then besieging 
Nola, a town which was still held by the Samnites. 
4. Rome was now exposed to great danger ; for those 
who had been her most faithful friends now rose against 
her. 5. A day shall come when 4 sacred Troy shall 
perish. 6. The terms which the general proposed 
seemed intolerable to the Carthaginians. 7. Tiberius 
and Caius Gracchus were the sons of Tiberius Sem- 
pronius Gracchus, whose measures gave tranquillity 

1 Propinquitas (plur.). 2 Adfinitas (plur.). 

3 Lit. " of him who destroyed." 4 Repeat the noun. 



Interrogatives. 17 

to Spain for 1 so many years. They lost their father 
at 2 an early 3 age. But they were educated with the 
utmost care by their mother Cornelia, the daughter of 
Scipio Africanus the elder, who had inherited from 
[her] father a love 4 of literature, and united 5 in her- 
person 6 the severe virtue of the Roman matron with 
a superior knowledge 7 and refinement, which 8 then 
prevailed 9 in 10 the higher-classes 11 at-Rome. 12 She 
engaged for [her] sons the most eminent Greek 
teachers ; and from the pains she took 13 with 14 their 
education they surpassed all the Roman youths of 
their age. 

I per. 2 Ablative. 3 primus. 
4 studium. 5 habeo conjunctatn. 6 se. 

7 doctrina. 8 Neuter plural. 9 floreo. 10 apud. 

II nobiles. 12 Adjective. 13 " Take pains," operam dare. 

14 Dative. 



Lesson 9. 

Pronouns: Interrogative and Indefinite. 

Review § 22, 1. with a (forms of the Interroga- 
tive Pronoun) . These forms, including quisnam, who ? 
(emphatic), and uter (see § 16, i. 6) 9 which of two? 
are used much as in English. Thus, — 
i. "Who is the man? Quis est homo? 

2. "What a man he was! Qui homo erdt! 

3. What do you find fault with? Quid reprehendis? 

4. "What plan of his do you find fault with? Quod consil- 

ium ejus reprehendis? 

5. "Which eye aches? Uter oculus dolet? 

6. Which finger hurts? Qui digitus dolet? 

7. "Who is it? (emph.) ^| 

8. Who in the world \ Quisnam est ? Quis tandem est ? 

(pray who) is it? j (The latter a little stron S er -) 

2 



1 8 Latin Composition. 

2. Review § 21, 2. c, d, e, h (forms and use of the 
Indefinites). 

a. The pronouns which correspond to the English a or some, 
one, or any (indefinite, not emphatic) are quis, quispiam, ali- 
quis, quidam. Of these quis is the least definite, and quidam 
the most. When some is used of objects defined in thought though 
not named, it is regularly quidam. The expressions nonmillus, 
nonnemo, nonnihil are somewhat less definite than quidam. Quis 
is the regular word after si, nisi, ne, num, to signify if any, &c. 
With these particles aliquis is more definite, like our if so?ne one, 
&c. A few or several may be expressed by aliquot, nonnulli, 
plures; pauci (restrictive) means on ly a few. The English any 
one who is often best rendered by si quis (See Note, Gr. p. 166). 

1. Borne one may say, aliquis dicat (dixerit quispiam). 

2. Some philosophers think so, aliqui (or, if definite persons are 

thought of, quidam) philosophi ita putant. 

3. Some poor -women live here, habitant hie quaedam 

mulieres pauperculae. [That is, some women he knows ; 
some women or other would be aliquae or nescio 
quae.] 

4. Up runs a man, accurrit quidam* 

5. I will call in a few friends, aliquot amicos adhibebo. 

6. In the very senate-house there is more than one enemy, in 

ipsa curia nonnemo hostis est. 

7. Banished not on some other charge but this very one, ex- 

pulsus non alio aliquo sed eo ipso erimine. 

8. He neither denies nor asserts a thing, neque negat ali- 

quid neque ait (any thing whatever would be quidquam). 

b. The pronouns which correspond most nearly with the English 
any (emphatic) are quisquam (substantive), ullus (adjective), 
quivis, and quilibet. The first two are used chiefly with negatives 
(but see § 21, 2. h) ; the other two are universal {any you like). 
When only two are spoken of, either is uter (corresponding to 
quisquam), utervis, uterlibet (corresponding to quivis and qui- 
libet). For the negatives non quisquam, non ullus, non quid- 
quam, non uter, use nemo, nullus, nihil, neuter. 

1. What can happen to any (one) man can happen to any 
man (whatever), cuivis potest accidere quod cui- 
quam potest. 



Indefinites. 19 

2. I never did any thing worse, numquam quidquam feci 

pejus. 

3. Why did I send to anybody before you? cur cuiqtiam 

misi pritis £ 

4. I have less strength than either one of you, minus habeo 

virium quam vestrum utervis. 

5. No one thinking of any thing but flight, nemo ullius rei 

nisi fugae memor. 

c. The Distributives each, every, are expressed by quisque 
(uterque, if there are only two). Unusquisque is more emphatic 
{every single one). Omnis is sometimes used in the singular in 
nearly the same sense as quisque, but more indefinitely, and is 
almost equivalent to a plural. 

1. Every good book is better the larger it is, bonus Zibet* 

melior est quisque, quo major. 

2. Both armies go away every man to his home, umbo ex- 

ercitus suas quisque abeunt dornos. 

3. Each army was in sight of the other, uterque utrique 

erat exercitus in conspectu. 

4. Every system of instruction (=all systems of instruction), 

omnis ratio et doctrina. 

Exercise 8. 

i. Which do you consider the greatest general, 
Caesar, Scipio, or Hannibal ? Which the better orator, 
Cicero or Demosthenes ? 2. "We here bring you war 
and peace," said the Roman ambassadors in the Sen- 
ate of the Carthaginians ; " which pleases you best ? " 
3. Pompey obtained the highest dignity in the State — 
that of the consulship — without any recommendation 
of ancestors. 4. The vices of Alcibiades were re- 
deemed by some brilliant qualities. 5. Most men's 
vices are redeemed by some better qualities. 6. No 1 
great man was ever without some divine inspiration. 
7. Horace did not read his poetry to any one except 
friends ; and then 2 under compulsion, not everywhere, 
1 nemo. 2 Lit. " and that." 



20 Latin Composition. 

nor before 1 everybody [indiscriminately]. 8. Some 
skill 2 as an orator 3 is necessary to a commander. 
9. Several of the allies of Sparta were dissatisfied 
with the peace she had concluded ; and soon after 
some of them determined to 4 restore the ancient power 
of Argos. 10. Some slight battles occurred, in which 
the side 5 of-the-Syracusans 6 had the advantage. 7 
11. Since Agamemnon, no Grecian king had led an 
army into Asia. 12. It is contrary-to nature to take 8 
any thing from any other 9 [person]. Does anyone 
deny this ? 13. Whoever had killed a tyrant was 
praised by the Greeks and Romans. Thus Harmo- 
dius, who expelled the sons of Pisistratus, was honored 
at Athens ; Timoleon, who consented-to 10 the death 
of his brother Timophanes, at Corinth ; and Brutus, 
the slayer of Julius Caesar, at Rome. 

1 Cora,7n with abl. 2 Lit. " Something of skill." 3 Adjective. 

4 Infinitive. 5 res, 6 Adjective. 7 Lit. "was superior." 

8 detraho. 9 Dative. 10 probo. 

Lesson 10. 

Cases. — 1. As Objects of Verbs. 

i. Review §§ 52, 1. with #, b (Accusative as Direct 
Object); 51, 1, 2. with a, 5, d (Dative as Indirect 
Object) ; 50, 4. a, 3, c (Genitive as the object of verbs 
of Memory and Feeling) ; 54, 6. d (Ablative of means, 
with utor, &c). 

2. All of the above cases are used in Latin with 
different classes of verbs to represent the English 
Objective case. Thus : — 

1. I see the man, hominem video (Accusative). 

2. I help the man, homini suhvenio (Dative). 

3. I pity the man, hominis miser eor (Genitive). 

4. I treat the man as a friend, homine amieo utor (Ablative). 



Object-Cases. 21 

Remark. — In all the above examples the verb is transi- 
tive in English, but not really so in Latin. In deciding on 
the case to be used as the object of any given verb, the 
following points are to be observed : — 

a. The Accusative, as the case of Direct Object, is far more 
general in its use than either of the others ; and may be assumed 
to represent the English Objective, except as limited by the 
special rules which follow. 

b. The Dative is to be used, along with the Accusative, wher- 
ever in English two object-cases follow, with one of which we may 
use the preposition to or for (except after verbs of Asking and 
Teaching, which take two accusatives) : as, 

1. He gave me the book ( = he gave the book to me), miJii 

librum dedit. 

2. I promise you a fig, tibi flciim promitto* But — 

3. He asked me for money, pecuniam me rogavit. 

4. Plato taught his scholars geometry, Plato discipiilos 

suos geometriam, dociiit. 

The Dative is also to be used after the verbs (apparently tran- 
sitive) given in the lists in § 51, 2. a, b, d, e. These sub-sections, 
with the accompanying examples and remarks, must be attentively 
studied ; as an accurate knowledge of these classes of verbs is 
absolutely essential to the correct use of the language in one of 
the commonest constructions in Latin. 

c. Verbs governing the Genitive in Latin are few, and belong to 
the strictly limited classes given in the sub-sections under § 50, 4. 
They are chiefly verbs of Memory and Feeling (with egeo, 
indigeo, need). The genitive of Charge and Penalty corresponds 
with the English use of the preposition of. 

d. The only verbs governing the Ablative in Latin, correspond- 
ing to transitives in English, are the few deponents given in § 54, 
6. d. Either of them may easily be represented in English by 
a phrase with a preposition : as, 

1. I use (make use of) a sword, gladio ator. 

2. He eats (feeds on) flesh, came vescitur. 

3. They abuse (take advantage of) my friendship, amicilia 

mea abiituntur. 



2 2 Latin Composition . 

Exercise 9. 

i. In our own calamity, we remember the calamities 
of others. 2. I shall never forget that day: it re- 
minds me at-once 1 of the greatest delight and l greatest 
peril of 2 my life. 3. Pity the sorrows of a poor old 
man. 4. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, had-pity-on 
the condition of his son-in-law, Jugurtha, king of Nu- 
midia, and promised him aid ; but afterwards, calling- 
to-mind 3 the greater power of the Romans, betrayed 
him to Sulla, the quaestor of Caius Marius. 5. The 
Italians loudly demanded the rights which had been 
promised them by Drusus. 6. Cagsar forgave all 
those who had fought on the side of Pompey in the 
civil war. 7. Marius commanded a separate army 
in the neighborhood. 8. If a patrician man married 
a plebeian wife, or a patrician woman a plebeian 
husband, the State did not recognize the marriage. 
9. Dentatus had accompanied the triumphs of nine 
generals. As tribune of the people, he most bitterly 
opposed the patricians. 10. The Knights abused 
the judicial power, as the Senate had done before. 
11. He who commands the sea is lord of affairs. 12. 
After the Mithridatic war, Pompey, [though] only a 
private-citizen, performed the part of a commander, 
levied three legions, and having gained 4 a brilliant 
victory 4 was received by Sulla with the greatest dis- 
tinction. 13. Marcus Livius Drusus, like his father, 
favored the side of the nobles. But he had promised 
the Latins and allies the Roman franchise, a measure 
which had always displeased the Roman people, and 
which they violently resisted. Drusus, therefore, had 
recourse to sedition and conspiracy. A secret-society 

1 cum . . . turn. 2 in. 3 memor^ with gen. 4 Abl. abs. Passive. 



Cases with Adjectives. 23 

was formed, which was bound by oath to obey 1 his 
commands. The ferment increased, and threatened 
the safety of the State ; but at last Drusus was assas- 
sinated in his own house. 2 

1 ut pareret. 2 domi suae. 



Lesson n. 

Cases. — 2. As Modifying Adjectives. 

i. Review § 50, 3. b, c, d (Genitive with Adjec- 
tives) ; 51, 6 (Dative of Fitness, &c.) ; 54, 1. c, 2. a, 
3. <z, 6. c, 9. 10. with a (various uses of the Ablative). 

N. B. These rules include many participles, which are used 
like adjectives. 

2. Adjectives in English almost always require 
phrases with prepositions when their meaning is to 
be limited or explained. In Latin this is generally 
done by using after the adjective the Genitive, Dative, 
or Ablative case without a preposition. 

Note. — Some particular adjectives — rather than classes — 
take a preposition, as in English. These will be treated hereafter, 
in the Lesson on Prepositions (see § 51, 6. <2, b). 

a. Relative Adjectives — that is, adjectives whose quality natu- 
rally relates to some object, especially one which corresponds to the 
object of a transitive verb — regularly take the Genitive. This 
relation is often expressed in English by the preposition of : as, 

1. Mindful of others, forgetful of himself, memor aliorum 

oblitus sui. 

2. Disdaining letters, fastidiosns literariim. 

3. Possessed of reason and judgment, compos rationis et 

judicii. 

4. Sharing in the booty, particeps praedae. 
See also examples under § 50, 3. b, c. 



24 Latin Composition. 

b. Where the relation between the adjective and noun would be 
expressed in English by the preposition to or for, it is commonly 
expressed in Latin by the Dative. The chief exceptions are given 
in § 51, 6. a, b, c, d. (See constructions given in the Vocabulary 
under each word.) 

i. A battle very like a flight, pugna simillima fugae* 

2. A man hateful to many, homo odiosus multis* 

3. Times hostile to virtue, tempora infesta virtuti* 

4. Adjoining the Belgians, ftnitimi JBelgis. 

5. A law advantageous to the state, lew utilis rei pnb- 

licae. 

c. When the modifying phrase denotes that in respect to which 
the meaning of the adjective is taken — where the English uses 
in, in regard to, or the like ; sometimes of — the Ablative is 
generally used in Latin: as, 

1. Lame of one foot, claudus alter o pede. 

2. A man distinguished in -war, vir hello egregius. 

3. "Worthy of praise, dignus laude. 

Note. — In this use the Ablative and Genitive approach each 
other in meaning ; but the Ablative generally expresses a remoter 
and the Genitive a closer relation. The same relation is often 
expressed by the Accusative with ad. 

Exercise 10. 

i. Oil rubbed-upon 1 the body makes it more capa- 
ble of enduring heat, cold, or hardship. 2. Numa 
instituted a college of priests, four in number. 3. The 
fifth king of Rome was an Etruscan by birth, but a 
Greek by descent. 4. The reign of Servius Tullius 
is almost as barren of military exploits as that of 
Numa. 5. Wild beasts are not only devoid of reason 
and speech, but ungovernable 2 in fury, and impatient 
of control. 6. A Roman patrician had a-number-of 3 
clients attached to him, to whom he acted as patron. 

1 inunctus, with the dative. 2 impotens, with genitive. 

3 qziidam. 



Cases: Indirect. 25 

7. Mucius, ignorant of the person 1 of Porsena, killed 
his secretary instead-of the king himself. 8. Veii 
was closely allied with Fidenas. 9. The Pentri in- 
habited the Apennines. But, not content with their 
mountain homes, 2 they overran the rich lands of Cam- 
pania. 10. The season of the year was favorable to 
Hasdrubal, and the Gauls were-friendly-to his cause. 
11. The Roman ambassadors, forgetting their sacred 
character, 3 fought in the ranks 4 of Clusium. 12. At 
the beginning of the first Punic war, the Romans had 
no fleet worthy of the name. 5 13. Porsena, alarmed 
for his life, offered terms of peace to the Romans. 
14. Cneius Pompey was extremely ambitious of power 
and glory, and jealous of the superior merit and fame 
of other men. 15. The Romans were like the Spar- 
tans in 6 [their] passion for 7 military glory and empire. 
16. The poet Archias, a man endowed with genius 
and virtue, was regarded by Cicero [as] equal to the 
most learned of the Greeks, and worthy of the high- 
est praise. 8 

1 fades. 2 sedes. 3 officium. 4 acies Clusina (sing.). 
6 id nomen. 6 Ablative. 7 Genitive. 8 Plural. 



Lesson 12. 

Cases. — 3. Indirect Relations. 

Review § 51, i. 2. with a,b, d ; 3. 5. 7 (Dative 
of Indirect Object, of Possession, of Service, of 
Reference); also § 50, 4. d (refert and interest). 

a. The most common use of to or for in English is repre- 
sented in Latin by the Dative of Indirect Object : as, 

1. The province feU by lot to Cicero, provincia Ciceroni 
ohtigit. 



16 Latin Composition* 

2. I consult for the safety of the state, civitatis saluti 

consulo. 

3. Medicine is sometimes bad for the health, medicina 

valetudini nommmquam nocet. 

Note. — 1. These should be distinguished from the cases 
where the direct effect of an action is spoken of: as, 

The dust hurts my eye, pulvis oculum mewm laedit. 

2. The dative of indirect object must also be carefully distin- 
guished from the cases — apparently the same in English — where 
to or for expresses the limit of motion. In Latin all relations 
of place, where, whence, or whither, are regularly expressed by 
means of prepositions (see hereafter, Lesson 15). 

b. This construction (dative of indirect object) is used in many 
cases to express with, over, upon, in, before, against, where 
in the Latin expression a verb compounded with a preposition is 
used (see list in § 51, 2. d : ad, ante, con, &c.) : 

1. A rock hung over his head, saxum capiti impendebat* 

2. I agree with Zeno, Zenoni adsentior* 

3. I set myself against all his plans, omnibus ejus consi- 

liis obstitu 

N. B. — Particular attention must be given to the meaning and 
construction of each of these compounds in the vocabulary, as 
many of them are transitive and take the accusative : as, 

He besieged the city of Alesia, urbem Alesiam obsidebaU 

c. The English verb to have is often, by a Latin idiom, ex- 
pressed by the Dative with esse (compare Note under § 51, 3) : as, 

1. I have a father at home, est mihi pater domi* 

2. The boy's name is Marcus, puero nomen est Marcus 

(or Marco), 

d. The phrases it belongs to, it is the part of, and the like, are 
most commonly expressed in Latin by the Genitive with esse : as, 

It is the part of wisdom (of a wise man), or, it is wise, est 
sapientis (compare d, with Remark). 

e. To or for is also expressed by the Dative when the object 
is still more remotely connected with the action, so that the sen- 
tence is complete without it (dative of reference) : as, 



Cases: Indirect. 27 

The good husbandman plants trees for his posterity, poste- 
ris suis serit arbor es bonus agricola (compare the 
examples in § 51, 7. and a)» 

/. When for or of expresses the purpose or end of an action, 
the Latin idiom has the dative, often with the dative of indirect 
object also : as, 

1. Caesar sent three cohorts for a guard, Caesar tres co- 

hortes praesidio misit. 

2. It was of great service to our men, magno usui nostris 

fait. 

Note. — In English the same relation is often expressed by 
simple apposition or by the conjunction as. In Latin this con- 
struction is limited to a few words, which must be learned by 
practice (see examples and Remark under § 51, 5). 

g. For the cases in which to or for is expressed by the geni- 
tive with refert and interest, see § 50, 4. d. The phrase for my 
sake and the republic^ is expressed by mea et reipublicae causa. 

Exercise 11. 

i. The troops of Sulla did no injury to the towns 
or fields of the Italians. 2. Tiberius Gracchus relied 
chiefly on the country-people. 3. Both Quintus Ca- 
tulus and Hortensius were-opponents-of 1 the Gabinian 
Law. 4. On 2 the arrival of Pompey, Tigranes was 
obliged to look-to-the-safety-of 3 his own power. 5. 
The great-numbers 4 of the enemy were a hindrance 
rather than a help to them. 6. Caesar's death was 
undoubtedly a loss not only to the Roman people, but 
to the whole world. 7. To the modern reader the 
elegies of Propertius are not so attractive as those of 
Tibullus. 8. The greatest danger Rome had experi- 
enced since the time of Hannibal was now impending 
over the State. 9. The consulship fell to Cneius 
Octavius, who belonged to the aristocratic-party, 5 and 
Lucius Cinna, a professed champion of the people. 

1 obsisto. 2 Ablative. 3 prospicio, 4 multittido. 5 optimates. 



28 Latin Composition. 

To their 1 election 2 Sulla made-no-opposition, 3 for 
it was his own interest to quit Italy immediately. 10. 
The Gauls once attacked the camp of 4 Quintus Cicero, 
brother of the orator, [as he was] wintering in Gaul ; 
but Caesar came to his assistance with two legions, 
and rescued him. n. A servant of the consul 
Opimius, pushing against Gracchus, insolently cried 
out, " Make way for honest men, you rascals ! " 12. 
" Stand aside young man," said Caesar to the tribune 
Metellus, who vainly attempted to defend the treasury ; 
w it is easier for me to do than say." 13. Damophilus, 
a wealthy man-of-Enna, had treated his slaves with- 
excessive-barbarity. 5 They consulted a Syrian slave, 
whose name was Ennus, who belonged-to 6 another 
master. This Ennus pretended-to 7 the gift-of-pro- 
phecy, 8 and appeared to breathe flames-of-fire. He 
not only promised them success, but joined in the 
enterprise himself. 14. " Mother," exclaimed Corio- 
lanus, " thine is the victory, a happy victory for thee, 
but shame and ruin to thy son." 

1 Relative. 2 petitio. 3 non obsistere. 4 Dative. 

5 Adverb in superlative. 6 servio. 7 sibi adrogare. 

8 vis divina. 

Lesson 13. 

Cases. —4. Cause, Means, and Quality. 

Review § 54, 4. 6 (ablative of Agent and Means) ; 

7. with § 50, 1. g (ablative and genitive of Quality) ; 

§ 54, 8 with a (Price and Value : compare § 50, 1. i) ; 

also 3 (ablative of Cause), with a 9 b, c. 

a. The means, instrument, or agent by which any thing is done 
we commonly express in English by the preposition by or with. 
In Latin a distinction is made between the voluntary age?it 
(expressed by the ablative with ab) ; a person considered as an 



Gases: Cause, <£-e. 29 

instrument or means (expressed by per with the accusative) ; and 
the mea?is or instrument (expressed by the ablative alone, or 
in special cases by per with the accusative). Thus — 

1. Caesar was informed by the ambassadors, Caesar certior 

/actus est a legatis. 

2. Caesar was informed by ambassadors (i. e. by means of 

ambassadors), Caesar certior f actus est per legatos. 

3. Caesar was informed by letter, Caesar certior factus 

est Uteris (or per literas if the letters were official 
documents used expressly as means of information). 

b. The English on account of, for, from, for the sake 
OF, through, denoting cause, occasion, or motive, though oftenest 
expressed by the ablative alone, are frequently also rendered by 
prepositions : as, 

1. It happened through my fault, mea culpa accidit. 

2. On account of the pleasure from conversation I delight 

in entertainments, propter sermonis delectation-em 
conviviis detector* 

3. We love the good for their virtues, bonos diligimns 

propter virttites (so pro meritis). 

4. He could not speak for grief, loqui prae maerore non 

potuiU 

So the phrases : — ex quo, on which account ; ex eo quod, 
for the reason that j per aetatem, by reason of age ; quam ob 
rem, wherefore. See also Lesson 18. 

c. A Quality is very often expressed in English by a noun 
with the preposition of : as, a man of worth, a tale of hoi'ror. 
In Latin an adjective must be used in such cases, except when the 
noun of quality has an adjective connected with it, when it may be 
put either in the genitive or ablative : generally the latter when the 
noun describes a physical trait. Thus — 

1. A man of valor, vir fortis (or fortissimus). 

2. A man of eminent valor, vir egregiae virtutis. 

3. A man of bodily strength and beauty, homo validus et 

pulcher. 

4. Achilles was a man of very great strength and remark- 

able beauty, Achilles vir erat summis viribus et 
eximia pulchritudine. 



30 Latin Composition. 

d. Manner — in English with or in — is in Latin usually ex- 
pressed by an Adverb when there is one ; otherwise by the 
ablative, often with cum (see § 54, 7. b) : as, 

1. "With care, accurate (or, cum cur a). 

2. In silence, tacite (or, silentio), 

3. In the most friendly manner, amicissime. 

4. "With the greatest zeal, summo studio. 

e. The Price of a thing, — usually given in English with the 
preposition for or at, — when a definite sum is stated, is 
expressed in Latin by the Ablative ; but indefinite price or value 
is expressed by the Genitives of Quantity (magni, parvi, &c), 
given in § 54, 8. a. These Genitives often answer to the use of 
an adverb in English, such as highly, slightly, not-at-all, used with 
expressions of value or esteem. Thus — 

1. How much does this house sell for? ten thousand ses- 

terces. Quanti hae aedes veneunt? decies mille 
nummis. 

2. I esteem Plato very highly, but the truth more, JPlatonem 

permagni sed veritatem pluris aestimo* 

Exercise 13. 

i. The Veneti had much confidence in their forti- 
fied positions. Their coasts were fringed with pro- 
montories and peninsulas, and, relying on their strong 
ships, fully armed and supplied 1 with leathern sails, 
they were not alarmed even by the greatest tempests 
of the ocean. 2. A liar 2 hath need of a good memory, 
but truth is always consistent with itself. 3. I offer 
myself to thee, O Hercules ! because thou art de- 
scended from the gods, and givest proofs of that descent 
by thy love of virtue. 4. Great things are achieved 
by great exertions, and glory was never the reward of 
sloth. 5. The Sabines, like most other mountaineers, 
were brave, hardy, and frugal ; and even the Romans 
looked-up 3 to them [with admiration] on account of 
their honesty and temperance. 6. Remus leaped in 4 
1 omatus. 2 Dative. 3 admiror. 4 per. 



Cases: Cause, &c. 31 

scorn over his brother's wall. 7. Romulus appeared 
after [his] death to Proculus in more-than-mortal x 
beauty. 8. Augustus lived with republican simplicity 2 
in a plain 3 house on the Palatine [hill], and educated 
his family with great strictness * and frugality. 4 9. Vi- 
tellius was remarkable for his gluttony 5 and his coarse 6 
vices. 10. Demosthenes listened awhile to the bland 
professions of Archias, the actor, but at length replied, 
"Archias, you never won me by your acting, nor will 
you now by your promises." 11. Columbus entered 
the hall surrounded by a brilliant crowd of cavaliers, 
among whom he was conspicuous for his stately and 
commanding person. 7 12. To the English it was a 
night of 8 hope, fear, suspense, [and] anxiety. They 
had been wasted by disease, broken with fatigue, and 
weakened by the many privations which are wont to 
attend 9 an army marching through a hostile country. 
But they were supported by the spirit and confidence 
of their gallant leader, and by the recollection of 
victories won by their fathers. 13. The forests have 
given place to cultivated fields, the morass is dried 
up, the land has become solid, and is covered with 
habitations. A countless multitude, living in 10 peace 
and abundance upon the fruits of their labors, has 
succeeded to the tribes of hunters who were always 
contending with war and famine. What has pro- 
duced these wonders? What has renovated the sur- 
face of the earth? The name of this beneficent 
genius n is Security. 

1 divinus. 2 cultus moderatus (abl.). 8 minime stimptnosus. 
4 Adverbs. 5 intemperantia gulae. 6 turpis. 

7 habitus corporis. 8 plena. 9 esse 10 in, ablative. n dea. 



3 2 Latin Composition . 

Lesson 14. 

Cases. — 5. Separation and Comparison. 

Learn § 54, 1. with a, b> c, d (ablative of Separa- 
tion) ; § 51, 2. e (dative with Compounds) ; § 54, 5. 
with a ; 6. e (ablative of Comparison and Degree of 
Difference). 

a. The relations denoted in English by from or of — in such 
phrases as to deprive of to be free from, in want of and the like 
— are in Latin expressed by the ablative : as, 

1. He is free from terror, caret formidine. 

2. To retire from office, abire magistrate 

3. A city stripped of defence, urbs nuda praesidio* 

4. A man without a country, homo qui caret patria. 

5. You wul relieve me of great fear, magno me metu 

liberabis* 

N. B. Motion from a place is regularly expressed by means of 
prepositions (see Lesson 17). 

b* When a thing is said to be taken away from a person, the 
dative is almost always used instead of the ablative : as, 

1. He took a ring from the woman, mulieri anulum 

detraxit. 

2. You have robbed me of my property, bona mihi abstu- 

listi. 
c. The uses of the ablative with the Comparative may be seen 
in the following : — 

1. Nothing is dearer to a man than life, nihil homini vita 

est carius. 

2. Quicker than one would think, opinione celerius. 

3. Much more rich than wise, multo divitior guam sapi- 

entior, 

4. The more dangerous the disease the more praised the 

physician, quo periculosior morbus eo laudatior 
medicus* 

5. The more virtuously one lives, the less he will injure 

others, quanto quis vivit honestius tanto minus 
nocebit aliis. 

6. Not more than two hundred horsemen escaped, hand 

amplius ducenti equites effugerunt* 



Cases: Separation and Comparison. 33 

Exercise 13. 

i. The orator Hortensius was eight years older 
than Cicero. 2. Licinius liberated the plebeians 1 
from an oppressive bondage. 3. Rome was now de- 
prived of almost all her allies. 4. The constitution 2 
of Lucius Cornelius took from the knights the judicial- 
power 3 which they had exercised since the times of 
the Gracchi. 5. Men are much less in bulk than 
very many animals. 6. Grief and indignation de- 
prived Marius of utterance. 4 7. Antisthenes, the 
Cynic, was once very sick, 5 and cried out, " Who will 
deliver me from these torments ? " 6 Then said Dio- 
genes, who by chance was by, "This knife, if you 
will." M I do not say from my life," he 7 replied, " but 
from my disease." 8. The archbishop tore the diadem 
from the head of the statue, and the image, thus 
despoiled of its honors, was thrown upon the ground. 
9. The aged Nestor boasts his virtues, nor seems to 
be too loquacious ; for his speech, says Homer, flowed 
from his tongue sweeter than honey. 10. Hesiod was 
robbed of a fair share of his heritage by the un- 
righteous decision of judges who had been bribed by 
his brother Perses. The latter was afterwards de- 
prived of his property, and asked relief of 8 his 
brother. 11. Alcaeus, for instance, cheered by his 
songs the nobles who had been driven into-exile. 9 
12. After the expulsion of the kings, 10 a new office 
was created at Rome, called the dictatorship, greater 
than the consulship. This dignity, however, was dis- 
continued after the second Punic war. The stronger 

1 plebs (sing.). 2 instituta (plur.). 3 judicium. 4 vox. 
5 graviter aegrotare. 6 malum. 7 ille. 8 a. 

9 e patria (abl.) . 10 post reges exactos. 



34 Latin Composition. 

the Republic became, the less it needed this extraor- 
dinary power. But in l the civil war it was revived 
by order of the people, and conferred upon Sulla, 
who afterwards resigned it and became a private 

citizen. 

1 Ablative. 

Lesson 15. 

Cases. — 6. Special Uses of tlie Genitive. 

Learn § 50, 2. with Remarks i. 2. 3 (Partitive 
genitive) ; 3. a (Objective genitive with nouns). 

a. When in English one noun is closely connected with another 
by a preposition, the genitive is commonly used in Latin, no matter 
what the preposition is in English (objective Genitive : see exam- 
ples under § 50, 3. a) : as, 

1. Prayer to the gods, precatio deorum. 

2. Escape from danger, fag a pericnli. 

3. Power over every thing, potestas omnium rerum* 

4. Pain in the head, dolor capitis. 

5. Confidence in one's strength, fiducia virium. 

6. Departure from life, excessus vitae. 

7. Subject for jests, materia jocorum. 

8. Struggle for office, contentio honortim. 

9. Relief from duty, vacatio muneris* 

10. Difference in politics, rei publicae dissensio. 

11. Reputation for valor, opinio virtutis. 

12. Union with Caesar, conjunctio Caesaris, 

13. Victory in war, victoria belli. 

14. Devotion to us, sttidium nostri. 

15. Grief for his son, luctns filii. 

16. A means of guarding against troubles, cautio incom- 

modornm. 
Note. — Nouns which denote feeling often take the accusative 
with in, erga, adversus, ad, instead of an objective genitive. 
Prepositions are also used when the relation is very remote. (See 
examples under § 50, 3. d). 



Cases: The Genitive. 35 

b. Wherever the relation expressed by a noun with a preposi- 
tion (especially of) can be viewed as a quality of the modified 
noun, the Latin prefers to use an adjective : just as in English we 
say, the Boston massacre; the Jackson administration; the 
Socratic philosophy ; the touch of the royal hand i &c. (compare 
examples in Lesson 5). Thus — 

1. The shout of the enemy, clamor hostilis, 

2. Jealousy of the Senate, invidia senatorial 

3. Confidence in you, fiducia tua (more commonly till). 

4. The Cyrus of Xenophon, Cyrus Xenophonteus* 

c* Where a word denoting a whole is used with another 
denoting a part (English of, in, among), it is regularly put in 
the genitive. (But notice carefully the Remarks on page 116 of 
the Grammar.) The peculiarities of the construction are seen 
in the following idiomatic phrases : — 

1. Enough money, satis pecuniae* 

2. More learning than wisdom, plus doctrinae quam pru- 

dentiae* 

3. One of a thousand, unus de multis* 

4. Alone of all, solus ex omnibus (or omnium). 

5. At that age, id aetatis. 

6. Nowhere in the world, nusquam gentium, 

7. Of the two consuls one was killed and the other 

wounded, duo consules alter est interfectus alter 
vulneratus* 

Exercise 14. 

i. On his way 1 to prison Phocion suffered some 2 
gross 3 insults from the populace with-meekness 4 and 
dignity. 5 2. Two wives of the German king, Ariovis- 
tus, perished; of their daughters, one was slain, 
another captured. 3. We have not yet discussed 6 
the principal wages of virtue and the greatest of the 
prizes that are held out to it. 4. From his boyhood 7 
the Roman soldier was schooled to 8 habitual 9 indifFer- 

1 ctim ducerettir. 2 quidam. 8 gravis. 4 su&misse. 

5 cum (with abl.). 6 disserere de. 7 a pue?'o. 

8 Ablative. 9 perpetuus. 



36 Latin Composition. 

ence to [his own] life. 5. During 1 the holidays in 
summer 2 the young men exercise themselves with 3 
sports. 6. To what a degree of brutality will excess 
of misery debase human nature! 7. Cneius Lentu- 
lus, a military tribune, said to the wounded consul, 
w Lucius ^Emilius, whom the gods ought to favor as 
the only [person] free-from 4 the blame of this day's 
disaster, take this horse while you have any remains 
of strength. 5 Do-not 6 add to the horror of this day 7 
by the death of a consul. Even without that, there is 
abundant [cause for] tears and mourning." 8. I will 
recount the delights and pleasures in this age of 
eighty-three, which I now take, and on account of 
which men generally account me happy. 9. Many 
inventions greatly facilitate success in the chase. The 
most singular of these is a poison in which they dip 
their arrows. The slightest wound with these en- 
venomed shafts is mortal. 10. Hannibal, after his defeat 
at Zama, served his country in peace. 11. Many men 
expose themselves to death for the sake of power ; 
but this king resigned his crown because his love for 
his dominion, his affection for his subjects, and his re- 
gard for their interests were greater than his desire for 
power. 12. The conspirators divided into three parties. 
One w r as posted near the governor's house, a second 
secured the approaches to the market-place, a third 
hastened to the quarter of the tombs, and awaited 
the signal for the fight. 13. Not only was Brutus's 
life saved at the battle of Pharsalus, but, restored to 
the state after the death of Pompey, along with many 
of his friends, he had also great influence with 8 Caesar. 

1 Ablative. 2 Adjective. 3 in. 4 insons. 

5 dum aliquid super est virium. 6 ne (perf. subj.). 

7 Lit. "make this day one-of-horror" (funestus). 8 apud. 



Use of Two Cases. 37 



Lesson 16. 

Cases. — 7. Use of Two Cases. 

1. Review § 51, 1. with d ; 2. with e (Accusative 
and Dative) ; § 52, 2. with a, b, c, d (two Accusa- 
tives). Learn § 50, 4. a, b, c (Verbs of Reminding, 
Accusing, &c, with the Impersonals miseret, &c). 

2. A verb in English, besides its object, has often 
another modifying noun with a preposition. Such 
nouns are in Latin usually put in the case correspond- 
ing to the English preposition, though sometimes a 
preposition is expressed. 

a. The Accusative and Dative (compare Lesson 10, b\ in such 
phrases as — 

1. He laid the burden on my shoulders, humeris meis 

onus imposuit. 

2. I do not envy Crassus for his wealth (I do not grudge 

wealth to Crassus), Crasso divitias non invideo. 

3. Caesar required ten hostages of the Helvetians, Caesar 

Helvetiis decern obsides imperavit. 

Note. — In these cases notice the Latin idiom, as it often 
differs from the English ; and observe carefully the construction 
of each verb as given in the Vocabulary. 

b* Accusative and Genitive, in such phrases as — 

1. You remind me of my duty, me mones officii. 

2. He accuses me of theft, arguit me furti. 

3. I repent of my folly, meae me stultitiae paenitet. 

4. I am weary of life, me vitae taedet (weary with toil, 

fessus labor e). 

c. Two Accusatives : 1. One in Apposition (see Lesson 2) ; 
2. With verbs of Asking and Teaching : 

Panaetius taught Scipio the Greek philosophy, JPanaetius 
Scipionem Graecam docuit philosophiam. 



38 Latin Composition. 

Exercise 15. 

i. The men-of-Minturnae 1 repented of their un-* 
grateful conduct towards 2 a man who had been the 
safety of Italy. 2. The younger Marius put an end 
to his own life. 3 3. In the proscriptions of Sulla, to 
many a man who belonged to no party an estate or a 
house was his destruction. For although the property 
of the proscribed belonged to the state, yet the friends 
of Sulla purchased it at-a-nominal-price. 4 4. Marius 
upbraided the nobles 5 [with] their effeminacy and 
idleness, and proudly compared his own words and 
exploits with their indolence and ignorance. His 
election was a great victory for the common-people, 
and a great humiliation to the aristocracy. 5. The 
great numbers of the enemy were a hindrance rather 
than a help to them. 6. Polybius taught the noble- 
men of Rome their own municipal law. 7. O 
Jupiter ! give us those things that are-good-for 6 us ! 
8. Praise is to an old man an empty sound. I have 
outlived my friends and my rivals. Nothing is now 
of much account to me. 9. An exile and a menial 
muttered the last farewell to Pompey, the mighty- 
victor of the East, the powerful lord of the Roman 
Senate. 10. The Senate distributed provinces and 
suitable honors among the partisans of Brutus. 11. 
The noblest of the Romans were ashamed of the 
victory by which they had avenged the disgrace of 
the Caudine Forks. 12. Old age is 7 most irksome 7 
to the poor. 8 13. Publius Autronius and Servius Cor- 
nelius Sulla had been elected consuls, but were con- 
victed of bribery. Catiline also, who wished to 

1 Minturnensis. 2 erga. 3 mortem sibi consciscere. 

4 minimo* 5 Dative. 6 convenire, 7 pigeL 8 Accusative. 



Cases: Time and Place. 39 

become a candidate, had been impeached 1 for oppres- 
sion in his province by Publius Clodius. 14. Caius 
Mucius was seized by the guards and brought before 
the king, who threatened him with cruel tortures. 
But he said, w See now how little your torments terrify 2 
me." Then he plunged his right hand into the 
£re of an altar that burned near by, and held it in 
the flames, by which it was wholly consumed. From 
this act the name Sccevola was given him, which 
signifies He that uses the left hand. 15. The second 
secession extorted from the patricians again a second 3 
great charter 4 of liberty. The people had become 
tired of the decemvirs, and were dissatisfied 5 with 
their measures ; for which reason they retired from 
[their] office, and the people elected ten tribunes. 
The decemvirs were then accused of treason, and 
some were condemned to death, others committed 
suicide. Two consuls were elected, and the Valerian 
and Horatian laws were passed. The plebeians were 
still, however, debarred from marriage with the patri- 
cians. 

1 reus fieri. 2 Subjunctive. 3 alter. 4 ftignus. 5 fiaenitet. 

Lesson 17. 

Cases. — 8. Tirae and Place. 

Learn § 55, 1. with a; 2. and b; 3 (reading Note), 
with a, b, c, d, /, 2. and 4; also Remark under § 56, 
1. c. 

a. Many expressions have in Latin the construction of time 
whe7i, where in English time is not the main idea : as, 

1. In the fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensi (or apud 

C annas). 

2. At the Roman games, Indis Momanis. 

3. In all the wars of Gaul, omnibus Gallicis bellis. 



40 Latin Composition. 

b. In many expressions of time the accusative with ad, in, or 
sub, is used. Such are the following : — 

1. A thanksgiving was voted for the 1st of January, suppli- 

catio decreta est in JLalendas Januarias. 

2. They assembled at the [appointed] day, convenerunt ad 

diem. 

3. 1 evening, m l ad vesperum. 
Towards (about) evening, $ 

4. About the same time, sub idem tempus. 

c. Time either during or within which may be expressed by 
a noun in the singular, with an ordinal numeral : as, 

1. Within (just) four days, quinto die. 

2. He has reigned going on six years, regnat jam sextum 

annum. But also — 

3. He has already reigned for six years, regnavit jam sex 

annos. 

d» Distance of time before or after any thing is variously ex- 
pressed : as, 

1. Three years after, post (or before, ante) tres annos, 

post tertium annum, tres post annos, tertium 
post annum, tribus 2>ost annis, tertio post anno. 

2. Three years after his banishment, tribus annis (tertio 

anno) post exsilium (post quam ejectus est). 

3. Within the last three years, his tribus proximis annis. 

4. A few years hence, paucis annis. 

5. Three years ago, abhinc annos tres (tribus annis) ? 

ante hos tres annos. 

6. It is three years since, triennium est cum (tres anni 

sunt cum). 

e. The time of day is only counted by hours, beginning at 
sunrise (prima, secunda hora) ; the time of night by watches, 
(vigiliae), of which there were four from sunset to sunrise. 

/. The names of the Months are adjectives, and agree either 
with mensis or with the parts into which the month was divided 
in the complicated Roman system, for which see Grammar, § 84. 

g. The year is expressed by the names of the consuls in the 
Ablative Absolute. Modern dates may be expressed by the year 
after the birth of Christ {post Christum natum). 



Cases: Time and Place. 41 

h. With names of places (except Towns, &c, see § 55, 3), to 
is expressed by in or ad with the accusative ; in by in or ab, with 
the ablative ; from by ab, de, ex, with the ablative. But at, 
meaning near (not in), is expressed with all names of place by ad 
or apud, with the accusative. 

Remark. — Notice that, when several names of place follow a 
verb of motion, all must be under the same construction. Thus — 

"Within a few days after this was done the matter was 
reported to Chrysogonus in Sulla's camp at Volaterrae, 
quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt res ad Cliryso- 
gonum in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertuv. 

Notice also that the meaning of the Latin verb must be con- 
sidered in relations of place : as, 

1. He arrived in Spain, pervenit in Uispaniam. 

2. He arrived at Rome, pervenit Homam. 

3. They assembled in the Senate-house, convenerunt in 

curiam. 

4. He brought his army together in one place, coegit exer- 

citum in unum locum* 

Exercise 16. 

I. After the death of Lucretia, Brutus threw off his 
assumed stupidity, and placed himself at the head l of 
her friends. They carried the body into the market- 
place [of ]Collatia. 2 There 3 the people took up arms 
and renounced the Tarquins. A number-of 4 young 
men attended the funeral-procession 5 to Rome. Bru- 
tus summoned the people 6 [and] related 7 the deed-of- 
shame. 8 All classes were influenced with the same 
indignation. 9 By order of the people Tarquin was 
deposed, 10 and, along with his family, was banished 
from the city. Brutus now set out for the army at 
Ardea. 11 Tarquin in the meantime had hastened to 

1 Lit. "added himself as leader." 2 Accusative. 3 Relative. 
4 plures. 5 exsequiae funeris. 6 convocato populo, 

7 narrare de. 8 f acinus flagitiosu?n. 9 dolor et indignatio. 
10 regnum abrogdri (with dat.). H Accusative. 



42 Latin Composition. 

Rome, but found the gates closed against him. 
Brutus was received with joy at Ardea, and the army 
renounced [their] allegiance x to the tyrant. Tar- 
quin, with his two sons, Titus and Aruns, took refuge 
at Caere, in Etruria. Sextus fled to Gabii, where he 
was shortly after murdered by the friends of those 
whom he had put to death. Tarquin had reigned 
twenty-two years when he was driven from Rome. In 
memory of this event an annual festival was celebrated 
on the 24th of February, called the Regifugium. 

2. Jugurtha was taken prisoner. The 2 great traitor 
fell by the treachery of his nearest relatives. Lucius 
Sulla brought the crafty and restless Numidian in 
chains, along with his children, to the Roman head- 
quarters ; and the war, which had lasted for seven 
years, was at an end. The glory of this victory was 
given to Marius. King Jugurtha, in 4 royal robes and 
in chains, along with his two sons, preceded the tri- 
umphal chariot of the victor, when-he-entered 5 Rome 
two years afterwards, on January 1st, b. c. 104. By 
order of Marius, the son 6 of the desert perished a few 
days afterwards in the subterranean city prison. 

1 obedientiam abicio. 2 tile. 3 vinctus catenis. 

4 regie vestitus. s Participle. 6 alumnus. 



Lesson 18. 

Cases. — 9. Prepositions. 

i. Learn § 56, 1. with a 9 b 9 c\ 2. comparing § 42, 
1. a 9 b 9 c 9 and 3 (Use of Prepositions) ; also § 52, 1. 
d; 2. b (compounds of circum and trans). 

2. In general, the use of prepositions in Latin is 
the same as in English. They are always followed 



Cases: Prepositions. 43 

either by the Accusative or Ablative : those implying 
motion towards an object for the most part taking the 
accusative, and those implying rest in, or motion 
from an object, the ablative. 

Note. — There are very many idiomatic uses of prepositions, 
for which see the Examples in § 42, 2. and consult the Lexicon. 

a. Position is frequently expressed in Latin with ab (rarely 
ex), properly meaning from : as, 

1. In the rear, a tergo. 

2. On the side of Pompey, a pm*te Pompeiana. 

3. On the left hand, a sinistra (compare hinc, on this side). 

4. On the other side, ex> altera parte. 

5. In a great degree, magna eoc parte* 

b. In the choice of prepositions the Latin point of view must 
be carefully observed, as in many cases it differs from our own 
(see Remark under § 56, 1. c). Thus — 

1. To put clothes into a chest, ponere vestes in area. 

2. To choose in one's place, in aliewjns locum deligere. 

3. To fight on horseback, eoc equo pugnare. 

4. It was reported in camp, in eastra nuntiatum est. 

5. To go on board ship, eonseendere in navem (more com- 

monly without the preposition). 

6. To send a man a letter, mittere (dare) literas ad 

aliquem. But — 

7. To give one a letter (to carry), dare literas alicui. 

c. In many cases where a preposition is used in English, Latin 
has the preposition compounded with a verb or implied in it. In 
such cases the construction of the Latin verb must be observed 
(see Vocabulary) : as, 

1. To go over a river, flumen transire. 

2. To take one's forces across a river, copias flumen 

transducere. 

3. To go beyond the boundaries, egredi fines (or out of 

the city, eoc urbe). 

4. To fly from the enemy, fugere Jiostes. 

5. To get into one's favor, inire alicujus gratiam. 



44 Latin Composition. 

Note. — When a verb with a Preposition in English is repre- 
sented in Latin by one of the compounds of § 51, 2. d (ad, ante, 
con, &c.), it is commonly followed by the dative. If, however, 
the compound represents a verb qualified by an Adverb, it retains 
its original construction : as, insidet equo, he sits upon a horse j 
but, convocat suos, he calls his men together. 

Exercise 17. 

i. Without intelligence and goodness bodily gifts 
are l of little 2 worth. 1 

2. Besides life and sense (which he has in common 
with 3 the brutes), there is in man 4 something more 
exalted, more pure, and that more nearly approaches 5 
to divinity. 

3. It was an arduous [undertaking] to conduct such 6 
a body of men through hostile nations, across swamps 
and rivers which had never been passed by any one 
except roving barbarians. But they penetrated a good 
way into the mountains. Then, however, a chief 
appeared, with a numerous body, in a narrow-pass. 
But men who had surmounted so many obstacles 
despised the opposition of such feeble enemies. 

4. As I was hurrying through the town a group of 
boys ran before me, crying out, Agamemnon ! Agamem- 
non! I went on behind them, and they led me to the 
tomb of the king of kings, a gigantic structure, 7 for 
the most part in-good-preservation, 8 of a conical form, 
and covered with turf. The stone over the door is 
twenty-seven feet long 9 and seventeen wide ; larger 
than any hewn 10 stone in the world, except Pompey's 
pillar. The royal sepulchre was forsaken and empty ; 
the shepherd shelters his flock within it ; the traveller 
sits under its shade, and at-that-moment n a goat was 

1 valere. 2 Superlative. 3 commune esse [alicui] cum. 4 Plural. 
5 prope abesse. 6 tantum agmen. 7 moles. 8 incolumis. 
9 in longitudinem. 10 quadratus. 11 tmn maxime. 



Verbs: Narrative Tenses. 45 

dozing 1 quietly in [one] corner. I turned-away 2 
[and] left him 3 in quiet possession. The boys were 
waiting outside the door, and crying, Mycence! My- 
cenae! led me away from the place. 

5. I have at length arrived at Cadiz. I came 
across the bay yesterday morning, and have estab- 
lished myself in very pleasant rooms which look out 
upon the public square of the city. The morning sun 
awakes me, and the sea-breeze comes in at my 
window. At night the square is lighted by lamps 
suspended from the trees, and thronged with a brilliant 
crowd of the young and gay. Cadiz is beautiful 
almost beyond-imagination. 4 

1 dormito (imperfect). 2 Participle. 3 Relative. 

4 supra qtiam quis animo concipere possit. 



Lesson 19. 

Verbs. — 1. Narrative Tenses. 

1. Learn § 58, 1. 2. with a, d; 3. with #, c; 
5, 6 (Present and Past Tenses of the Indicative) ; 
§ 57, 8. h (Historical Infinitive). Also, review § 27, 3 
(use of the Perfect and Imperfect). 

2. The narrative tenses in Latin are used nearly as 
in English. But — 

a. The Present is used much oftener than in English to express 
a past action more vividly. 

b. The ordinary English past tense is represented in Latin 
sometimes by the Perfect (historical), and sometimes by the Im- 
perfect. (For the distinction see § 27, 3.) But the use of 
the Imperfect depends not so much on the actual duration 
of the action as upon the way in which the writer wishes to 
represent it. Thus — 



46 Latin Composition. 

1. Cicero lived sixty-three years, Cicero vixit LXIII 

annos* [Here the action, though of long duration, is stated 
as a simple fact.] 

2. Bibulus watched the heavens, while Caesar held the elec- 

tion, Bibulus de caelo servabat, cum Caesar 
comitia habebat, or habuit* [Here the action, though 
brief, is represented as continuing.] 

3. Homer flourished before the founding of Rome, Homerus 

fuit ante ttomam, conditam* 

4. Homer was more skilled than Hesiod, Moments doctior 

erat Hesiodo. 

c* In rapid narrative, the English past tense is often rendered 
by the simple (historical) Infinitive, with its subject in the nomina- 
tive. This construction also often corresponds with the English 
"began to." (For examples, see Grammar, p. 156.) 

d. Customary action is represented in general by the Present, 
and in past tense by the Imperfect; though soleo, and similar 
words, are often used (but much less commonly than in English) 
to give emphasis to the fact of custom. Thus — 

1. He was always praising Milo, laudabat semper Milo- 

nem. 

2. He -would often play -with his children, saepe cum 

pueris ludebat. 

3. It was a habit of Quintus Mucius to tell, Q. Mucins 

narrare solebat. 

e. The beginning of an action is often expressed by the Present 
or Imperfect, especially with jam: as, 

1. I begin to feel like dancing, jam lubet saltare. 

2. They stood up and began to applaud, stantes plaude- 

bant. 

/. The English compound perfect is often expressed in Latin 
(when the action still continues) by the present, with some word 
denoting duration of time. The same usage with the imperfect is 
more rare. 

1. We have suffered many years, multos annos patimur. 

2. We have long been involved in dangers, jam din in 

perictilis versamur. 

3. The forces which they had long been getting ready, 

copiae quas diu comparabant. 



Verbs: Narrative Tenses. 47 



Exercise 18. 

1. The Tiber had overflowed its banks far and 
wide. 1 The cradle in which the babes were placed 
was stranded at the foot of the Palatine, and over- 
turned on the root of a wild fig-tree. A she-wolf, 
which had come to drink 2 of 3 the stream, came to 
them from time to time, and suckled them. When 4 
they wanted other food, the woodpecker, a bird sacred 
to Mars, brought it to them. At length this marvellous 
spectacle was seen 5 by Faustulus the king's shepherd, 
who took the children home to his wife Acca La- 
rentia. They were called Romulus and Remus, and 
grew up with the sons of their foster-parents 6 on the 
Palatine Hill. 

2. Then Nasica rushed out of the Senate-house, 
followed 7 by many of the Senators. The people made 8 
way for them, broke up 8 the benches, and armed 8 them- 
selves with sticks, and rushed 8 upon Tiberius and his 
friends. The tribune 9 fled to the temple of Jupiter ; 
but the door had been barred by the priests, and in 
his flight he fell over a prostrate body. As 10 he was 
rising, he received the first blow from one of his 
colleagues, and was quickly despatched. 

3. Pyrrhus was at first victorious ; for his own 
talents were superior to those of the captains who 
were opposed to him, and the Romans were not pre- 
pared for the onset of the elephants of the East, which 
were then for the first time seen in Italy — as it were 
moving mountains, with long snakes for hands. But 
the victories of the Epirots were fiercely disputed, 

1 late. 2 potum (supine). 3 ad (ace). 4 cum (with indie). 

5 conspicere. 6 al tores. 7 comitatus. 8 Hist. Inf. 

9 tile. 10 cum (with imperf. subj.). 



48 Latin Composition. 

dearly purchased, and altogether unprofitable. At 
length Manius Curius Dentatus, who had in his first 
consulship won two triumphs, was again placed at 
the head of the Roman commonwealth, and sent to 
encounter the invaders. A great battle was fought 
near Beneventum, in which Pyrrhus was completely 
defeated. 

4. Cato was an unfeeling and cruel master. His 
conduct towards his slaves was detestable. After 
dinner he would often severely chastise them, thong 
in hand, for some trifling act of negligence, and some- 
times condemned them to death. When they were 
worn out or useless, he sold them or turned them out 
of doors. He treated the lower animals no better. 
His war-horse, which had borne him through his 
campaign in Spain, he sold in-that-country. 1 In his 
old age he sought gain with increasing eagerness, but 
never attempted to profit by the misuse of his public 
functions. He accepted no bribes, he reserved no 
booty to his own use ; but he became a speculator, not 
only in slaves, but in buildings, artificial waters, and 
pleasure-grounds. In this, as in other points, 2 he 
was a representative of the old Romans, who were a 
money-getting 3 and money-loving 4 people. 

1 ibu 2 res. 3 quaestuosus. 4 avarus. 

Lesson 20. 

Verbs. — 3. The Passive Voice. 

i. Learn § 23, 3 (use of the Passive) ; § 35, 1. b 
(gerundive of Deponents) ; § 40, b (second Peri- 
phrastic Conjugation). 

Review § 51, 4. a, b (dative of Agent) ; § 54, 4 
(ablative of Agent). 



Verbs: The Passive Voice. 49 

2. The Passive in Latin is often employed where in 
English we prefer the Active. The principal cases 
are the following : — 

a. The Impersonal use of neuter verbs in the passive (compare 
§ 39, cj and Method, Lesson 20, Obs. 3) : as, 

1. They live on plunder, ex rapto vivitur. 

2. They fought fiercely on both sides, acriter utrimque 

pugnatum est. 

b. This impersonal use is the regular way of representing the 
English passive, where the corresponding Latin verb does not 
govern the accusative (see § 51, 2. f) : as, 

1. The commander is relieved (by the appointment of a successor), 

imperatori succeditur. 

2. I am persuaded that this is true, mihi persuasum est 

hoc esse verum. 

3. These things are done more easily than they are resisted, 

facilius Jiaec flunt quam his resistitur. 

4. This subject was much discussed, de hac re multum 

disputatum est. 

5. Let the influence of friends be employed, and when em- 

ployed obeyed, amicorum auctoritas adhibeatur 
et adhibitae pareatur. 

c. The most common way of expressing the English ou^ht y 
musty and the like, is by some form of esse with the Gerundive, 
which in this construction is always passive, no matter which 
voice is used in English (compare § 73, 2. Note) : as, 

1. Nobody is to be blamed, nemo culpandus est. 

2. We must do every thing, omnia nobis sunt facienda. 

3. All must die, omnibus moriendum est. 

4. "We must resist old age (or old age must be resisted), 

senectuti resistendum est. 

d. When the Subject of the action is indefinite, the Latin 
generally prefers the passive construction (compare a, above) : as, 

1. Men do not gather grapes from thorns, ex sentibus uvae 

non percipiuntur. 

2. We do ill whatever we do from confidence in fortune, 

male geritur quicquid geritur fortunae fide. 

4 



50 Latin Composition. 

e. Many neuter verbs in English are rendered in Latin by- 
reflexives or by the passive : as, 

i. Hens roll in the dirt, gallinae in pulvere volutantur* 

2. He rides on the Appian Way, in via Appia vehitur. 

3. Codrus is bursting with envy, invidia rnmpitur Codrns. 

4. He turns to his lieutenant, ad legatum se vertit (or, 

vertitur). 

3. On the other hand, an active construction is 
often preferred in Latin, where the passive is used in 
English. This happens — 

a. In cases where the emphasis is on the Object of an action, 
or the action itself, rather than on the Agent ; because the empha- 
sis can be given in Latin (though not in English) by position. 
Thus — 

1. Socrates was put to death by his fellow-citizens, Socra- 

tem cives sui interfecerunt. 

2. Egypt is watered by the Nile, and Mesopotamia made 

fertile by the Euphrates, Aegyptum Nilus irrigate 
Mesopotamiam fertilem efficit Euphrates. 

b. As most deponent verbs have no passive, the active con- 
struction must frequently be used for the English passive : as, 

1. He is most admired who is not influenced by money, 

quern pecunia non movet eum homines maxime 
admirantur. 

2. We should not mourn a death which is succeeded by 

immortality, non lugenda est mors quam immorta- 
litas consequatur. 

c. In a few cases, instead of the regular passive in Latin, a 
neuter verb of kindred meaning is employed : as, 

1. To add, adder e ; to be added, accedere. 

2. To destroy, perdere ; to be destroyed, perire. 

3. To sell, vendere; to be sold, venire (veneo). 

4. To flog, verberare ; to be flogged, vapulare. 

4. When the present passive in English denotes 
a completed action , it is generally represented by the 
perfect in Latin ; but when it denotes an action in 



Verbs: The Passive Voice. 51 

-progress > or a general fact ', we must use the present. 
Thus — 

1. The enemy are beaten, hostes victi sunt. 

2. He is loved by his friends, dlligitur ah amicis. 

3. Among the Parthians the signal is given by a drum, apud 

Parthos signum datur tympano. 

Remark. — Care must be taken in rendering the confused or 
disguised forms of the passive in English : as, 

1. The house is building, domus aedificatur (but, he is 

building a house, domum aedificat). 

2. "While these things are being done, dum Jiaec geruntur. 

5. When a verb in the active voice is followed by 
two cases (with or without a preposition), the accusa- 
tive of the direct object becomes the subject of the 
passive, the other case being retained as in the active 
construction. Thus (compare examples on p. 37) — 

1. Crassus is not envied for his wealth, Crasso dlvitiae 

fion invidentur. 

2. Verres is charged with extortion, Verves repetundarum 

reus fit. 

3. Cato is asked his opinion, Cato rogatur sententiam. 

Remark. — The use of a second accusative in this construc- 
tion is found chiefly with rogo, posco, and celo. 

Exercise 19. 

I. We must resist old age, m)^ friends, — says 
Cicero in the book entitled x Cato Major , — and its 
failings must be made good by pains-taking. We 
must fight against old age as against disease. Re- 
gard must be paid to health. Moderate exercise 
should be emplo}^ed, a sufficiency of food and drink 
must be taken. 2 Not only the body needs to be 
bolstered-up, but the mind and soul much more; for 
these too die out through old age. 

1 See Lesson 8. 3. 2 adhibei'e. 



52 L a tin Co7nj>osition . 

2. "Even now," said Cassar, "we may 1 return; if 
we cross the bridge, arms must decide the contest." 
At that moment of suspense 2 [there] appeared sud- 
denly the figure of a youth, remarkable for comeliness 
and stature, playing on a pipe, the emblem of peace 
and security. The shepherds who were about the 
spot began to mingle with the soldiers and straggle 
towards him, captivated by his simple airs ; when with 
a violent movement he snatched a trumpet from one 
of the military band, 3 rushed with it to the bank of the 
river, and blowing a furious blast of martial music, 
leaped into the water, and disappeared on the opposite 
side. "Let us advance," 4 exclaimed Caesar, " where 5 
the gods direct, and our enemies invite us. Be the 
die cast!" 

3. A conspiracy 7 against the life of Caesar had-been- 
formed 7 in-the-beginning-of-the-year. 8 Many of the 
conspirators had fought in the war against Caesar ; 
and had not only been pardoned 6 by him, but raised 
to offices of rank and honor. Among others was 
Marcus Junius Brutus, whom Caesar had pardoned 
after the battle of Pharsalia, and had since treated 
almost as a son. He was now persuaded by Cassius 
to-join 9 the conspiracy, and imitate his ancestor Lucius 
Junius Brutus, the liberator 10 of Rome from the 
tyranny of the Tarquins. They now resolved 11 to 
assassinate 9 the Dictator in the Senate-house on the 
Ides of March. Rumors of the plot got abroad, and 
Qesar was strongly urged not to attend the session of 

1 posse, impersonal. 2 in ea sollicitiidine. 

3 uni ex cornicinibus. 4 Present Subjunctive. 5 qua. 

6 Change the voice. 7 Impersonal. 8 hieunte anno. 

9 ut, with imper. subj. 10 Lit. "who," &c. n Impers. passive. 



Verbs: Injinitive Constructions. 53 

the Senate. But he disregarded the warnings which 
had been given him. 

4. The ten ambassadors, of whom Cato was chief, 
offered their arbitration, which was accepted by Masi- 
nissa, but rejected by the Carthaginians, who had no 
confidence in Roman justice. This refusal Cato never 
forgave them. In traversing their country, he had 
remarked the increasing wealth and population. 
After his return to Rome, he let fall from the fold of 
his robe some early-ripe Libyan figs; and as 1 their 2 
beauty was admired, 1 "Those figs," quoth he, K were 
gathered three days ago at Carthage. So close is our 
enemy to our walls." From that time forth, whenever 
he was called upon for his vote in the Senate, though 3 
the subject of debate bore no relation to Carthage, he 
added these words, K Carthage must be destroyed." 

1 Active (cum, with imperf. subj.). a Relative. 

8 quamquam, with imperf. 



Lesson 21. 

Terbs. — 3. Infinitive Constructions. 

1. Learn § 57, 8. with a, b, c (uses of the Infini- 
tive) ; also § 58, n. with a, b (use of the Present and 
Perfect infinitive); also §§ 57, 8. e; 67, I (Indirect 
Discourse) . 

2. The English infinitive is rendered by the Latin 
infinitive in many constructions : — 

a. When it is equivalent to an abstract noun : as, 
To err is human, humanum est errare. 

Note. — An abstract noun is also sometimes equivalent to an 
infinitive, and is to be rendered in the same way in Latin : as, 

i . What is creation ? Quid est ereare ? 

2. "Writing with a stile is easy, est facile stilo scribere* 



5 4 Latin Composition * 

b* When a second action of the same subject is indicated : as, 

I begin to grow old, senescere incipio* 

Note. — This principle includes many classes of words where 
the connection is very close between the infinitive and the verb on 
which it depends ; and also many where it is more remote, so 
that a subjunctive clause might also be used. 

3. The English that with a verb, when it denotes 
a statement or thought, is always to be rendered by 
an Infinitive with an Accusative for its subject. This 
construction (called the Indirect Discourse) is a very 
common one in Latin, and is used after all words 
of knowing, -perceiving, thinking, and telling. In 
English we often use the infinitive in such sentences 
as the preceding : as, " I think it to be right ; " " He is 
said to be rich ; " and so on. 

a* The English simple infinitive, with expressions of hoping, 
promising, threatetiing, and the like, is rendered by the same 
construction, of the infinitive with subject-accusative : as, 

I hope to come, spero me venturum [esse]* 

b* The English infinitive may be used after any verb of com- 
manding or forbidding. In Latin it is regularly used only after 
jubeo and veto (see hereafter, Lesson 28). 

e. In using the Indirect Discourse in Latin, observe what tense 
would be used in the direct discourse, and make the tense of the 
infinitive correspond to that. Thus — 

1. He says that his father is here, dicit patrem adesse. 

2. He said that his father "was here, dixit patrem adesse* 

3. He will say that his father is here, dicet patrem adesse* 

In all these three cases the same tense is used in Latin, because 
the same tense would be used in the direct : viz. " My father is 
here." 

4. He says his father was here, dicit patrem adftiisse* 

5. He said his father had been (or was formerly) here, dixit 

patrem adfuisse* 

6. He will say that his father was here, dicet patrem 

adfuisse* 



Verbs: Infinitive Constructions. 55 

These three cases take the perfect infinitive, because the words 
in direct discourse would be, " My father was here." 

7. He says that his father "will be here, (licit patrem ad- 

futurum [esse]. 

8. He said that his father would be here, dixit patrem 

adfuturum. 

9. He will say that his father will be here, dicet patrem 

adfuturum* 

In these cases, the words in direct discourse would be, " My 
father will be here." (In this tense, the esse is usually omitted.) 
In like manner, with verbs of promising, expecting, and the like — 

10. He hopes to come (direct, "I shall come"), sperat se 

venturum. 

11. He hopes that you are well, sperat te valere. 

12. He hopes that you were there, sperat te adfuisse. 

13. He threatened to destroy the city, minatus est se 

urbem deleturum. 

d. When the verb of knowing, &c, is in the Passive, the 
impersonal construction is more common in English ; but in Latin 
the personal is regular with the si?nple tenses, the impersonal with 
the compound (see § 70, 2. a) : as, 

1 . It seems to me that you are wrong, videris mihi err are. 

2. It was reported that Ccesar's house had been attacked, 

oppugnata domus Caesaris nuntiabatur. 

3. There is a tradition that Homer was blind, traditum est 

Homerum caecum fuisse. 

4. The subject of the Infinitive is regularly in the 
Accusative. But if the subject of the infinitive is not 
expressed, then any predicate word will agree with 
the subject of the main clause if there be a personal 
subject (see § 57, 8. e, with Remarks) : as, 

1. It is advantageous to be honest, utile est probum esse. 

2. I am anxious to be merciful, cupio me esse clementem 

(or cupio esse clemens). 

N. B. Never translate the infinitive of Purpose by the infinitive 
in Latin (see hereafter, Lesson 25). 



5 6 Latin Composition . 

The English Infinitive and the clause with that are also often 
to be rendered by other constructions than the above (for which 
see hereafter, Lesson 28). 

Exercise 20. 

i. "You," said Scipio yEmilianus, " to whom Italy- 
is not mother, but step-mother, ought to keep silence. 
Surely you do not think that I shall fear those let loose 
whom I sent in chains to the slave-market." 

2. The king of Syria, Antiochus, had nearly con- 
quered Egypt. Popilius Lasna ordered him, in the 
name of the Senate, to abandon the country. Antio- 
chus wished to deliberate ; but Popilius, having traced 1 
a circle l about the king with a staff which he held 
in his hand, "Before 2 leaving this circle," said he, 
" answer the Senate." Antiochus promised to obey, 
and went out of Egypt. Popilius then divided the 
kingdom between the two brothers Philometor and 
Physcon. 

3. I purpose 3 to write the history of a memorable 
revolution which has agitated men deeply, and which 
divides them even to-day. I do not conceal from my- 
self the-difRculties-of-the-undertaking ; 4 for passions 
which it was thought were stifled under [the influence 
of] a military despotism have just been reawakened. 
Suddenly men overwhelmed with years and toil have 
felt revive 5 in them resentments which seemed to be 
appeased, and have communicated them to us their 
children and heirs. But if we have-to-maintain 6 the 
same cause, we-have-not 7 to defend their conduct; 

1 Participle passive, ablative absolute (see next Lesson). 

2 ante quam, with future. 3 in animo habere. 

4 Lit. " how difficult are (subj.) those things which I undertake." 

5 Infinitive. 6 Part in dus, agreeing with causa. 

7 nihil opus est. 



Verbs: Participial Constructions. 57 

and we can separate liberty itself from those who 
have well or ill served it, while 1 we still have the 
advantage of-having-heard 2 and watched these old 
men, who, filled as-they-are 3 with their memories 
still excited by their impressions, teach us to under- 
stand them. 

4. The king entered the ship in a violent storm, 
which the mariners beholding-with-astonishment, 4 at 
length with great humility gave him warning of the 
danger. But he commanded them instantly to put 
off, and not be afraid, for he had never in his life 
heard that any king was drowned. 

1 cum, with subj. 2 quod, with indie. 3 quidem. 

4 admirari. 



Lesson 22. 

Verbs. — 4. Participial Constructions. 

i. Learn § 72, with 1. and c; 2, 3. with Remark 
and a (uses of Participles). Also, 4. with a; with 
§ 40, #, b (Periphrastic Conjugations) ; § 72, 5. with 
a, by c; and § 54, 10. b (Ablative Absolute). 

2. The English participle is often expressed not by 
a participle in Latin, but by a relative clause, or 
one with cum or dum (see § 72, 1. c) : as, 

1. In the following winter, ea quae secuta est liieme. 

2. Caesar, seeing this, gave the signal for battle, Caesar cum 

hoc vidisset signum dedit proelii. 

3. While humoring the young, I have forgotten that I am 

old, dum obsequor adulescentibus, me senem esse 
oblitus sum. 

3. On the other hand, almost any simple modifying 
clause can be rendered in Latin in a participial form. 
This principle includes, among others, relative clauses, 



5 8 Latin Composition . 

and those introduced by when, if, because, although, 
together with many adverbial phrases. 

a. If there is any word in the main clause to which the 
participle can be attached as a modifier, it usually agrees with it. 
This corresponds to the English use of participles, except that 
it is much more common. 

i. Any evil is easily crushed at its birth, omne malum 

nascens facile opprimitur* 
2. The enemy slay Valerius while fighting bravely, Yalerium 

hostes acerrime pugnantem occidunU 

b. If there is no word to which the participle can be attached, 
the participle is put in the ablative, with some word in agreement, 
which serves as a kind of Subject (Ablative Absolute : see exam- 
ples in " Method," p. 51). 

c. Even what in English seems a separate clause is in Latin 
often crowded into the main clause in a participial form : as, 

1. Our men followed them close — encumbered as they 

were — and cut them down, quos impeditos nostri 
consectiti occidevunt. 

2. It is a wretched thing to fret yourself when it does no 

good, miser um est nihil proftcientem angi* 

d. The perfect active participle, which is missing in Latin, is 
supplied either (1) by a change of voice with the Ablative Abso- 
lute ; or (2) by a clause with cum or dum. The difficulty is, 
however, often avoided by the use of Deponents, whose perfect 
participle usually has an active signification. Thus — 

1. Having delayed a little, and set fire to all the villages, 

they pushed forward, panlhsper morati, omnibus 
vicis incensis 9 contender tint. 

2. Having observed this, he sent the third line as a relief 

to our men who were in difficulty, id cum anim- 
advertisset 9 tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris 
subsidio misit. 

Exercise 21. 

I. Veii was not succored by the other Etruscan 
cities then threatened with an invasion of the Gauls. 
Besides, the Veians had given themselves a king 



Verbs: Participial Constructions. 59 

instead of the annual magistrate, and a king odious 
to the other cities. This lucumo, irritated at 1 not 
having been named chief of the confederation, had 
stirred up the artisans, and violently interrupted the 
sacred games of Volsinii. On leaving for the siege 
of Veii, the Roman knights swore never to return, 
unless [they were] conquerors. This was also the vow 
of the Spartans on leaving for Ithome. On 2 the 
approach of the Roman army, the Veians left their 
city, clothed in funeral apparel, and bearing lighted 
torches. The city was taken by a mine. The 
besiegers, [who were] concealed in it 3 near the temple 
of Juno, overheard the reply of an oracle, which the 
Etruscans had consulted. w Victory," said the priest, 
w shall be with * him who shall sacrifice this heifer on 
the altar." Then the Roman soldiers burst into the 
temple, seized the axe from the priest's hand, and 
struck down the heifer; and the town, thus betrayed 
by its own gods, fell into the hands of the Romans. 

2. The deputation arrived at Epidaurus the pecu- 
liar seat of ./Esculapius, and invited the god to make 
his abode at Rome. Nor did he refuse ; for one of 
the snakes sacred to ^Esculapius crawled from his 
temple to the city of Epidaurus, and thence proceeded 
to the sea-shore, and climbed up into the ship of the 
Roman ambassadors [which was] drawn up on the 
beach. They now, instructed by the Epidaurians 
that the god willingly accompanied them, sailed away 
with the sacred snake to Italy. But when 5 the ship 
stopped 5 at Antium — so goes the story — the snake 
left 6 [it and] crawled to the temple of ^Esculapius 

1 Accusative with Infinitive. 2 Ablative. 3 Relative. 

4 Dative. 5 Lit. " the ship (ace.) stopping." 6 Participle. 



60 Latin Composition. 

in that city ; where he coiled himself round a tall palm- 
tree, and remained for three days. The Romans 
meanwhile anxiously awaited his return to the ship. 
At last he went 1 back [and] did not move again till the 
ship entered the Tiber. Then, when she came 2 to 
Rome, he again crawled forth, swam to the island in 
the middle of the Tiber, and there went on shore and 
remained quiet. A temple was built, therefore, to the 
god on the spot which he had himself chosen. 

1 Participle. 2 Pluperf. subj. (impers.). 

Lesson 23. 

Verbs. -—5. Gerundive Constructions. 

1. Learn § 73, 1, 2, 3. with #, b, c, d (use of the 
Gerund and Gerundive). 

2. The English participial noun, or verbal in -ing, 
is represented in Latin in several different ways. 

a. When it is subject or object, by the Infinitive (see Lesson 
21), or quod with the Indicative ; rarely by a verbal noun : as, 

1. Your being here is agreeable, quod ades (or te adesse) 

gratum est. 

2. I prefer writing to speaking, malo scribere quam 

loqui. 

b. In the other cases, most commonly by the Gerund or 
Gerundive ; less commonly by an Adverbial or Substantive 
Clause (see Lessons 25, 27) : as, 

1. The labor of writing is irksome, labor scribendi moles- 

tum est. 

2. A plan was formed for firing the city, consilium in~ 

flammandae urbis initum est. 

3. I dissuaded him from going, ne iret dissuasi. 

Note. — The Gerund and Gerundive are precisely equivalent in 
meaning. But the Gerundive, being in its origin a passive con- 
struction, can be used only of verbs which govern the accusative 
(except utor, &c). When it can be used, it is generally to be 
preferred. 



Verbs: Gerundive Constructions, 61 

c. The phrase " without doing any thing," or the like, has no 
corresponding expression in Latin ; but must be analyzed and 
rendered by some other form of words , chiefly a participle or the 
ablative absolute : as, 

i. "Without accomplishing his purpose, re infecta. 

2. Without being compelled, non coactus. 

3. He -went away without doing this, abiit neque Jioc fecit. 

4. You shall not go without doing this, non abibis nisi 

hoc feceris. 

5. I trod on a snake without knowing it, anguem calcavi 

insciens (or inscienter). 

d. Purpose is often expressed in Latin by the accusative of 
the Gerund or Gerundive with ad, or by the Genitive followed by 
causa or gratia (see hereafter, Lesson 26, and examples, Gram- 
mar, page 183). 

Exercise 23. 

1. When polished nations have obtained the glory 
of victory, or have enriched themselves by the addi- 
tion-of 1 territory, they may 2 end the war with honor. 
But savages are not satisfied until they extirpate 3 the 
community which is the object of their rage. They 
fight not to 4 conquer, but to 4 destroy. If they engage 
in hostilities, it is with a resolution never to-see 5 the 
face of the enemy in peace, but to prosecute the war 
with immortal enmity. The desire of vengeance [is] 
the first and almost the only [principle which] a 
savage instils into the minds of [his] children. 

2. Cato's opinion prevailed, and the Senate only 
waited for a favorable opportunity to-destroy 5 the city. 
The Romans had resolved on war ; 6 and when the 
Carthaginian ambassadors arrived at Rome, to 4 offer 
to the Senate the submission of Carthage, the two 
consuls were already levying troops. The ambassa- 

1 Gerundive. 2 licet. 3 Perfect. 4 ad, with gerund. 

5 Gen. of gerund. 6 bello decertare statuerant. 



62 Latin Composition. 

dors, knowing that resistance was hopeless, sought 1 to 
appease the anger of the Senate by unconditional obe- 
dience. They were ordered to send three hundred of 
the noblest families to [meet] the consuls atLilybasum, 
and were told that the consuls would inform them of 
the further orders of the Senate. 

3. Sulla, [when] quaestor in the war against-Jugur- 
tha, 2 by his zeal and energy soon gained the full 
approval of [his] commander. He was equally suc- 
cessful in gaining the affections of the soldiers. He 
always addressed them with the greatest kindness, 
seized every opportunity of conferring favors upon 
them, was ever ready to 3 take-part-in all the jests of 
the camp, and at the same time never shrank from 
sharing in all their labors and dangers. It is a 
curious circumstance that Marius gave to his future 
enemy and the destroyer of his family and party the 
first opportunity of distinguishing himself. The ene- 
mies of Marius claimed for Sulla the glory of the 
betrayal-of 4 Jugurtha ; and Sulla himself took the 
credit of it by always wearing a signet ring represent- 
ing 5 the scene of the surrender. 

1 conor. 2 Adjective. 3 ad, with gerundive. 

4 Perf. part. 5 Lit. " on which was represented." 



Lesson 24. 

Terbs. — 6. Subjunctive Constructions. 

i. Learn § 57, 2. with a, b; 3, 4, 5. 6 (uses of the 
Subjunctive) ; also 7. with a (Imperative Construc- 
tions) . 

2. The Subjunctive mood in Latin is used to repre- 
sent a great variety of constructions in English, most 



Verbs : Subjunctive Constructions. 63 

of which are included in the dependent clauses, to be 
given in future Lessons. The others are the follow- 
ing:— 

a. The rare Subjunctive in English is for the most part 
rendered by the subjunctive in Latin (but compare special con- 
structions in future Lessons). Thus — 

}. Let him that standeth take heed lest he fall, caveat qui 
stat ne cadat. 

2. I care not, so it serve the state, nil mea refert dum- 

modo rei publicae prosit* 

3. "What would Cicero say if he were alive? Quid dicer et 

Cicero si viveret? 

h. The auxiliaries which form the English Potential — may, 
might, could, would, should — are very loose in their use and 
meaning, being sometimes pure auxiliaries, and sometimes retain- 
ing their proper force. In the former case they are generally 
rendered by the subjunctive in Latin ; in the latter, they require 
some verb of similar meaning. Thus — 

1. You may say (it is possible you should say), dicas. 

2. You may say (you are permitted to say), licet dicer e* 

3. He would go if I should wish it, eat si velim. 

4. He would go (now) if I wished it. iret si vellem* 

5. You would have it so, sic volnisti. 

6. I should like to go, ire velim. 

7. I could wish he were here, vellem adesset. 

8. A soldier should obey his commander, miles imperatori 

parere debet. 

9. "Whoever could go went, quicumque ire poterat ivit. 

10. What could I do (what was I to do) ? Quid facerem ? 

11. I wish he would come, utinam venial. 

12. "Would he were now here! O si nunc adesset! 

c* The English Imperative — except commands in the second 
person — is regularly rendered by the Latin subjunctive. Com- 
mands addressed to a definite person take the imperative in Latin ; 
prohibitions to a definite person, 1. noli, with the infinitive ; 2. 
cave, with the present subjunctive ; 3. ne, with the perfect sub- 
junctive. Thus — 



64 Latin Composition. 



1. Let us go, eamus. 

2. 'Well, be it so, fiat sane. 

3. Let justice be done though the heavens fall, fiat justitia 

ruat caelum. 

4. Leap down, fellow-soldiers, desilite, commilitones. 

5. Do not suppose, nolite putare. 

6. Pardon nothing, do nothing by favor, be not moved by 

compassion, nihil ignoveris, nihil gratiae causa 
feceris, misericordia commotus ne sis. 

d. General precepts, both affirmative and negative, are regularly 
expressed by the second person of the present subjunctive, less 
commonly the perfect. 

e. There are many idiomatic constructions — more especially 
clauses of Result and clauses in Indirect Discourse — which in 
Latin require the subjunctive, though they have no modal form 
in English. (For these constructions, see hereafter, especially 
Lessons 26 and 28.) 

Exercise 23. 

1. ™ Let him go then," they said, " where he pleases 
as an exile, and suffer in some other place whatever 
fate has reserved for him ; and let us pray that the 
gods visit us not with their anger, for rejecting Marius 
from our city in poverty and rags." Moved by such 
considerations, all in a body entered the room where 
Marius was, and getting round him, began to conduct 
him to the sea. 

2. "Why," said Rasselas, " should you envy others 
so great an advantage ? All skill ought to be exerted 
for universal good. Every man has owed much to 
others, and ought to repay the kindness that he has 
received." 

3. Sweet language will multiply friends, and a fair- 
speaking tongue will increase kind greetings. Be in 
peace with many ; nevertheless have but one counsellor 
of a thousand. If thou wouldest l get a friend, prove 

1 volo. 



Verbs: Subjunctive Constructions. 65 

him first, and 1 be not 1 hasty 2 to credit him. For some 3 
man is a friend for 4 his own occasion, 4 and 5 will not 5 
abide in the day of thy trouble. 

4. My lords, 6 if you must fall may you so fall. But 
if you stand — and stand I trust you will — together 
with the fortunes of this ancient monarchy, — together 
with the ancient laws and liberties of this great and 
illustrious kingdom, — may you stand as unimpeached 
in honor as in power. May you stand the refuge 
of afflicted nations ! May you stand a sacred temple 
for the perpetual residence of an inviolable justice ! 

5. Believe me, Athenians ! if, recovering from this 
lethargy, you would 7 assume the ancient spirit and 
freedom of your fathers, the world might 7 once more 
behold you playing a part worthy of Athenians ! May 
the gods inspire you to determine upon such measures ! 

6. Lay hold on this chance of safety, Conscript 
Fathers ! by the immortal gods I conjure you. Give 
one sign to the Roman people, that even as now they 
pledge their valor, so you pledge your wisdom to the 
crisis of the state. Do you not know this Antony? 
Do you not know his companions? To be slaves to 
such as he, to such as they, would it not be the fullest 
measure of misery, joined with the fullest measure of 
disgrace? If it be so — which heaven forfend ! — 
that 8 the supreme hour of the republic has come, let 
us, the rulers of the world, rather fall with honor than 
serve with infamy ! Born to glory and to liberty, let 
us hold these bright distinctions fast, or let us greatly 
die! 

1 neve, 2 Adverb. 8 quispiam. 4 temporis causa. 

5 nee. 6 Patres Conscripti. 7 Pres. subj. 8 ut, with subj. 

5 



66 Latin Composition. 



Lesson 25. 

Relations of Time. 

i. Learn § 62, with 2. a, b, and Remark 2 ; £, d, 
e (use of Temporal Particles) ; § 58, 9, 10. with 
Remarks (Sequence of Tenses). 

Remark. — Whenever it becomes necessary to use the 
Subjunctive mood in a subordinate clause — as in this and 
the following Lessons — careful attention must be paid to 
the rule for the Sequence of Tenses. The learner must 
notice carefully which is the main clause, i. e., what is the main 
fact to be stated. This is often disguised in English by one 
or more modifying clauses ; especially Relative (who, 
which), Temporal (when), and Conditional (if). Upon 
the time of the main clause will depend the time of the 
whole. Sometimes, however, an intervening dependent verb 
may throw the time back so as to require secondary tenses 
in those which follow, though the leading verb is primary. 
Thus — 

1. Cicero is said to have gone into exile to prevent civil 

war, Cicero eoc patria excessisse dicitur ut helium 
civile averteret* 

2. We seem to have advanced so far that even in fulness of 

words we are not surpassed by the Greeks, tantum 
profecisse videmur ut a Graecis fie verhortim 
quidem copia vinceremur. 

2. The English particle when and similar expres- 
sions of time are rendered in Latin by two different 
constructions : — a. ubi, postquam, and similar parti- 
cles (see 2. a) with the Indicative, usually the perfect ; 
b. cum, generally with the Indicative of the present 
or perfect, and with the Subjunctive of the imperfect 
or pluperfect (2. b : see examples in Grammar). 



Relations of Time. 67 

Remark. — The distinction between these two constructions 
is not at first obvious ; but will become clearer by considering the 
distinction of Absolute and Relative time (see Note on page 177 
of the Grammar), and by careful observation of the practice of 
Latin writers. 

a. If when is equivalent to whenever, the Indicative is 
always to be used : as, 

When midsummer had begun, he used to make his quarters 
at Syracuse, cum aestas samma esse jam coeperat 9 
Syracusis stativa faciebat. 

b. The common English form of narrative, " Such and such 
things had happened (were happening), when," &c, is always to 
be rendered with the Indicative in Latin — usually with cum: as, 

1. This he had said when news was brought, dixerat hoc 

cum nuntiatum est. 

2. I was just reading your letters, when one was brought 

me, legebam tuas epistolas, cum mihi epistola 
adfertur. 

c. If when or while approaches in meaning to since (as it 
often does in fact), it is expressed by cum with the subjunctive ; 
sometimes by other constructions (see Lesson 22) : as, 

But if you do not yet quite see — when the thing itself 
is plain by so many clear proofs and tokens, quod 
si nondum satis cernitis — cam res ipsa tot tarn 
Claris argumentis signisque laceat. 

Exercise 24. 

i. Hamilcar had poured the libation on the victim, 
which was duly offered on the altar ; when on-a-sud- 
den he desired 1 all the others to 3 step aside to a little 
distance, [and then] called his son Hannibal. Hanni- 
bal, a boy of nine years old, went up to his father, 
and Hamilcar asked him kindly whether 2 he would 
like 2 to go with him to the war. When the boy 
eagerly caught at the offer and with a child's earnest- 
ness implored his father to 3 take him, Hamilcar took 

1 Participle. 2 velletne. 3 ict, with subj. 



68 £atin Composition. 

him by the hand and led him up to the altar; and 
bade him, if he wished 1 to follow his father, to lay 
his hand on the altar, and swear that he would never 
be the friend of the Romans. Hannibal swore, and 
never to his latest hour forgot his vow. 

2. When 2 Archias came to the door of the temple 
with his satellites, he found Demosthenes seated. He 
first addressed him in language of friendly persuasion, 
and offered to intercede with Antipater in his behalf. 
Demosthenes, having listened for-a-time in silence to 
his bland professions, at length replied, " Archias, you 
never won me by your acting, nor will you now by 
your promises." When the player found that he was 
detected, he threw away the mask and threatened 
in earnest. "Now," 3 said Demosthenes, "you speak 
from the Macedonian tripod : before you were only 
acting. Wait a little till I have written 4 a letter to my 
friends at home." And he took a roll as if to write ; 
and, as was his wont when he was engaged in com- 
position, put the end of the reed to his mouth, and bit 
it ; he then covered his head with his robe and bowed 
his head. 

3. When he had remained some time in this atti- 
tude, the barbarians, thinking that he was lingering 
through fear, began to taunt him with cowardice ; and 
Archias, going up, urged 5 him to rise, and repeated 
his offers of mediation. Demosthenes now 6 felt the 
poison in his veins : he uncovered his face, and fixing 
his eyes on the dissembler said, "It is time for you, 
Archias, to finish the part of Creon, and cast my body 
to the dogs. I quit thy sanctuary, Poseidon, still 

1 si vellet. 2 ubi. 3 nunc. 4 Future perfect. 

5 fietere ab eo ut 6 jam. 



Purpose and Result. 69 

breathing; though 1 Antipater and the Macedonians 
have not spared even this from pollution." So say- 
ing, he moved with-faltering-step towards the door; 
but had scarcely passed the altar, when he fell with 
a groan, and breathed his last. 

1 cum, with subj. 



Lesson 26. 

Purpose and Result. 

1. Read carefully § 69, comparing the references. 

Remark. — a. In general, Relative or other subordinate 
clauses are used in Latin nearly as in English. But in Latin 
the Subjunctive mood is used in many such clauses, where 
English uses the Indicative. It will be seen, therefore, that not 
every relative or other subordinate clause is to be translated 
by the Latin subjunctive ; nor, on the other hand, is every 
English indicative in such clauses to be rendered by the 
indicative. The learner must, accordingly, accustom himself 
to notice the true (logical) relation between the subordinate 
and the main clause ; and express the former according to the 
Latin idiom, which will appear in the subsequent Lessons. 

b. When a relative clause (including those introduced by 
relative adverbs and conjunctions) simply states a fact or 
circumstance which might be put as an independent statement, 
there is no occasion for the subjunctive in Latin. But in 
most cases, where there is a logical relation between the two 
clauses, so that the force of the relative clause would be lost by 
taking it out of its connection with the former, the subjunc- 
tive is required in Latin. 

N. B. Clauses expressing cause — introduced in English by 
because, since, inasmuch as — take the subjunctive only in special 
idiomatic uses (see § 63). 



70 Latin Composition. 

c. The most common uses of the subjunctive in clauses of 
the kind above referred to are to express purpose — in order 
that, that, to, in order to, and the like ; or result — so that, 
that, so as to. 

2. Learn § 64, i. with a> 2 (clauses of Purpose) ; 
§ 65, 1. with a, b (clauses of Result) ; 2. with a, e>f 
(clauses of Characteristic). 

3. In English, relations of purpose and result are 
often expressed by the Infinitive, which must never be 
used in this way in Latin. 

a. The most general way of expressing Purpose is by ut 
(negatively ne), unless the purpose is closely connected with some 
one word, in which case the relative is more common. Thus — 

1. Arria gave her husband a sword in order that he might 

kill himself, Arria gladium dedit marito ut se 
interficeret. 

2. Arria gave her husband a sword to kill himself with, 

Arria gladium dedit marito quo se interficeret. 

b. The Gerundive constructions of Purpose are usually limited 
to short concise expressions, where the literal translation of the 
phrase, though not the English idiom, is nevertheless not harsh 
or strange. 

c. The Supine in this construction is used only with verbs of 
motion and a few idiomatic expressions (see § 74, 1). The Future 
Participle of Purpose should be avoided. 

d. A kind of purpose is expressed idiomatically by the Gerun- 
dive used passively after particular verbs (see § 72, 5. c). 

e. In the greater number of cases Result is expressed by ut 
^negatively ut non), the relative being less common (compare 
examples in § 65, i). 

/. The use of the Subjunctive in clauses of Characteristic 
(see § 65, 2) can only be learned by practice and comparison of 
examples. But compare what is said above of Relative clauses in 
general. 

g. Expressions such as " He is too honest to deceive," " It is 
too distant to be seen," and the like, which are very common in 



Purpose and Result. 71 

English, are in Latin to be rendered by a clause of Result with 
quam ut following a Comparative : as, 

Caesar was too merciful to punish his adversaries, clemen- 
tior erat Caesar quam ut inimicos puniret* 

Exercise 25. 

1. On the reedy margin of the lake stood here and 
there some monuments ; tombs, it was said, 1 of ancient 
Assyrian kings. As the royal galley, which Alex- 
ander steered himself, passed near one of them, 2 a 
sudden gust of wind carried away his cap into the 
water, and lodged the light diadem which circled it 
on one of the reeds which grew out of the tomb. One 
of the soldiers immediately swam out to recover it; 2 
and, to keep it dry, placed it on his own head. Alex- 
ander rewarded him with a talent ; but at the same time 
ordered him to be flogged for the thoughtlessness with 
which he had assumed 3 the ensign of royalty. The 
diviners, it is said, took the matter more seriously, and 
advised the king to 4 inflict death on the offender, 5 in 
order to avert the omen. 

2. Socrates recommends to Alcibiades, in order 
that he might have a model for his devotions, a short 
prayer which a Greek poet composed for the use of 
his friend in-the-following-w r ords : 6 " O Jupiter ! give 
us those things which are good for us, whether they 
are such things as we pray for or such things as we 
do not pray for ; and remove from us those things 
which are hurtful, though they are such things as we 
pray for." 

3. Polybius also learned the Roman tongue, and 
attained to that knowledge of their laws, their rights, 
their customs and antiquities, that few of their own 

1 dicebant. 2 Relative. 3 Subjunctive. 

4 ut, with subj. 5 homo. 6 ita. 



7 2 Lathi Composition . 

citizens understood them better. So that he taught 
the noblemen of Rome their own municipal laws ; and 
was accounted more skilful in them than Fabius 
Pictor, a man of the senatorial order, who wrote the 
transactions of the Punic wars. He who neglected 
none of the laws of history was so careful of truth 
that he made it his whole business to deliver nothing 
to posterity which might deceive them ; and by that 
diligence and exactness may be known to be studious 
of truth and a lover of it. 

4. The Pompeians were too much dispirited to 
make any resistance. Shivered once more at the 
first onset, they poured in broken masses over hill and 
plain. But Caesar was not yet satisfied. Allowing 
a part of his troops only to return to the camp, he led 
four legions in hot pursuit by a shorter and better 
road, and drew them up at a distance of six miles 
from the field of battle. 

1 qua diligentia ac cura. 

Lesson 27. 

Conditional Sentences. 

Read carefully §§ 59, 60, 61, including all the sub- 
sections, and committing to memory the types of con- 
ditional expressions on page 167. 

a* The learner should notice carefully the precise nature of the 
condition which he wishes to render into Latin, because the use of 
the tenses in English is not uniform. Thus, — " If he is alive 
now" is a present condition, to be expressed in Latin by the 
Present Indicative ; " If he is alive next year ,J is a future condi- 
tion, and would be expressed by the Future Indicative. " If he 
were here now " is a present condition contrary to fact, and would 
be expressed by the Imperfect Subjunctive; "If he were to see 
me thus " is a future condition, to be expressed by the Present 
Subjunctive. 



Conditional Sentences. 7.3 

b. In cases where the Condition is omitted, it must be mentally 
supplied in order to determine the form of the condition. 

c. The conditional phrases of Comparison, as if, as though, 
require in Latin the present and perfect subjunctive, not the im- 
perfect and pluperfect, as in English (see Remark under § 61, 1). 

d* For the Concessive expressions, although, granting that, 
eve?i if, which require idiomatic constructions in Latin, see § 61, 2. 
For Provisos — provided that, only let, &c. — see § 61, 3. 

Exercise 26. 

1. Among the savages, to display undaunted forti- 
tude in torments is the noblest triumph of a warrior. 
To avoid the trial by a voluntary death is deemed 
infamous and cowardly. If any one betrays symptoms 
of timidity, they often despatch him at once with con- 
tempt, as unworthy of-being-treated 2 like a man. 

2. If we see a friend in distress, and give him all 
the consolation we are able, we perform the duties of 
friendship, which pays more attention to the disposi- 
tion of the heart than to the value of the gift. A 
small present may be the testimony of a great love. 
There is no good I do not wish you, and this is all I 
can offer toward it. I wish this little treatise may be 
of use to you. If it should not answer my hopes, 
I shall, however, be secure of pardon from your 
friendship. 

3. I am come to inform 2 you of a secret you must 
impart to Pausanias alone. From remote antiquity, I 
am of Grecian lineage. I am solicitous for the safety 
of Greece. Long since, but for the auguries, would 
Mardonius have given battle. Regarding these no 
longer, he will attack you early in the morning. Be 
prepared. If he change his purpose, remain as you 
are. He has provisions only for a few days more. 

1 See § 65, 2. /. 2 See § 58, 10. a. 



74 Latin Composition. 

Should the event of the war prove favorable, you will 
but deem it fitting to make some effort for the inde- 
pendence of one who exposes himself to so great 
peril for the purpose of apprising you of the intentions 
of the foe. I am Alexander of Macedon. 

4. After a short interval, Charles, turning to Philip, 
who stood awaiting his commands, thus addressed 
him : " If the vast possessions which are now bestowed 
on you had come by inheritance, there would be 
abundant cause for gratitude. How much more, 
when they come as a free gift in the life-time of your 
father ! But however large the debt, I shall consider 
it all repaid if you only discharge your duty to your 
subjects. So rule over them that men shall commend 
and not censure me for the part I am now acting." 

5. We are here as in a theatre, where every one 
has a part allotted to him. The great duty which lies 
upon a man is to act his part in perfection. We may x 
indeed say that our part does not suit us, and that we 
could act another better. But this is not our business. 
All that we are concerned in is to excel in the part 
which is given us. If it be an improper one, the 
fault is not in us, but in Him who has cast our several 
parts, and is the great disposer of the drama. 

1 possumus. 



Lesson 28. 

Substantive Clauses. 

i. Read carefully § 70, with Remark; i, 2, 3. 
with #, d 9 c, d, e,f (substantive clauses of Purpose) ; 
4. with a, b, c, d, g, h (clauses of Result) ; 5. with 



Substantive Clatcses. 75 

b (clauses with quod). Compare § 57, 8. b, e, d, and 
notice the general schedule of substantive clauses on 
page 249. 

2. In English, one action depending upon another 
is in almost any case expressed indiscriminately by 
that or by the Infinitive. In Latin the form of 
expression will depend on the meaning of the depen- 
dent words or clause. This meaning can usually be 
determined by the following Rules : — 

a. If the words can be put in an independent form as the 
words of some person in the Indicative, it is Indirect Discourse, 
and requires the Accusative with the Infinitive (see examples 
in § 70, 2). 

h. If they can be put in an independent form as a Question, 
they require the Subjunctive as Indirect Questions (see examples 
in § 67, 2). 

c. If they can be put in an independent form as the words of 
some person in the Imperative, or can be conceived as a Result, 
they require the Subjunctive. The Infinitive is used in many 
expressions of this class, either optionally or exclusively (see 
examples in § 70, 3, 4). 

d. If they could be expressed independently in the Indicative, 
but as a fact, and not as the words of some other person, they 
regularly require quod with the Indicative (see examples in 
§ 70, 5). 

e. An English noun must often be rendered by a substantive 
clause, on account of the scarcity of abstract terms in Latin, or 
the want of a corresponding idiom. Thus — 

1. He "was accused of treason against his country, acciisa- 

tas est quod patriam pvodidisset. 

2. A value beyond all estimation, pretium, majus quam, 

tit aestimetur. 

f. In English a real substantive clause is often introduced by 
the common expression for with the Infinitive ; and is usually 
rendered in Latin by the Accusative and Infinitive : ut with the 
subjunctive is more rare. The meaning of the particular ex- 
pression must be carefully noticed. Thus — 



76 Latin Composition. 

1. For a dying father to bequeath an empire to his son is a 

deed "worthy of gratitude, patrem morientem fllio 
imperium legare factum est gratia dignum. 

2. The next thing is for me to speak of the war against the 

pirates, veliquum est tit de hello dicam, piratico. 

Note. — The forms of Indirect Discourse were developed in 
Latin into a very complex system, which, for the sake of fuller 
practice, will be exhibited in the two succeeding Lessons. 

Exercise 27. 

i. But before Caesar allowed his tired soldiers to 
enjoy the fruits of the victory of Pharsalia he required 
them to complete the conquest. The pursuit was con- 
tinued during the remainder of the day and on the 
morrow. But the task was easy. 1 The clemency of 
the conqueror induced all to submit. When Caesar 
entered the camp, and saw the dead bodies of many 
Romans lying about, he exclaimed, "They would 
have it so. To have laid down our arms would have 
sealed our doom." 

2. The soldiers of Viriathus recognized their general 
simply by his tall figure, and by his striking sallies 
of wit, and above all by the fact that he surpassed 
every one of his men in temperance as well as in 
toil. 

3. The sailors were willing to do as he wished. 
But they were afraid that the vessel could not stand 
the beating of the waves, and as Marius also was 
much troubled with sickness, they made for land. 
They wandered about without any definite object, 
seeking merely to escape from the present evil as 
worst of all, and putting their hopes on the chances 
of fortune. For the land was their enemy, and the 
sea also; and they feared 2 to fall in with men, and 

1 Lit. " not difficult." 
2 Notice construction of verbs of fearing (§ 70, $.fj 57, 8. c). 



Intermediate Clauses. 77 

feared also not to fall in with men, because they were 
in want of provisions. After some time they met 
with a few herdsmen, who had nothing to give them 
in their need. But they recognized Marius, and ad- 
vised him to get out of the way as quick as he could. 1 

4. Griselda, it is now time for you to reap the fruit 
of your long patience ; and that they who have re- 
ported me to be cruel, unjust, and a monster in 
nature, 2 should know that what I have done has been 
all along with a view to teach you how to behave as a 
wife, and lastly to secure my own ease and quiet as 
long as we live 3 together, which I feared might have 
been endangered by my marriage. Therefore I had 
a mind * to prove you by harsh and injurious treat- 
ment ; and not being aware that you have ever trans- 
gressed my will, either in word or deed, I now seem 
to have met with that happiness I desired. I intend 
then to restore in an hour what I have taken away 
from you in many ; and to make you the sweetest 
recompense for the many bitter pangs I have caused 
you to suffer. 

1 Subjunctive. 2 ingenio. 3 Subjunctive. 

4 rnihi propositum hahiii. 

Lesson 29. 

Intermediate Clauses. 

Learn § 66, with 1. a, b, c, d, and 2 (Intermediate 
clauses). Compare § 67, i. and b (Subordinate 
clauses in Indirect Discourse). 

Remark. — Besides the constructions of dependent clauses 
already mentioned (which for the most part are suggested by 
some particle or some construction in English), another is 
found in Latin, which has no English equivalent whatever : 
namely, that of a clause subordinate to another which is itself 



78 Lathi Composition. 

subordinate. This is especially to be observed when any one 
of the Infinitive and Subjunctive expressions which have 
been treated under the head of substantive clauses — itself 
the subject or object of some leading verb — has another 
clause depending on it. In this case, the verb of the latter 
is almost invariably in the subjunctive. But, in applying 
the rule, the following conditions must be observed : — 

a. When a subordinate clause depends on an infinitive or 
subjunctive, so that it becomes logically a part of the same exp?'es- 
sion, its verb must regularly be in the Subjunctive (see examples 
in § 66, 2). 

N. B. This rule does not apply to the case of a simple relative 
clause following a complementary infinitive, which will generally 
come under the following head. 

h. If the subordinate clause is inserted for mere definition or 
explanation — so that it may be regarded as true independently of 
the connection in which it stands — its verb will be in the Indica- 
tive (see examples under § 67, i. b). 

c. When a clause, though not depending on an infinitive or 
subjunctive, is represented as containing the words or thought 
of any other person than the writer or speaker, so that it be- 
comes informal indirect discourse, the verb must be in the 
Subjunctive (see examples under § 66, i). 

Note. — This construction is especially common in clauses 
expressing a reason or motive, which otherwise do not take the 
subjunctive. 

d. A subordinate clause in a Conditional sentence will have 
the mood and tense of the principal verb. 

Exercise 28. 

i. Sulla, encouraging his soldiers, who were 35,000 
men well armed, led them to Rome. The soldiers 
fell on the tribunes whom Marius had sent and mur- 
dered them. Marius also put to death many friends 
of Sulla in Rome, and proclaimed freedom to the 
slaves if they would join 2 him. But it is said that 
only three slaves accepted the offer. 
1 See c, above. 



Intermediate Clauses. 79 

2. The next day Marius, compelled by hunger, and 
wishing to make use of his remaining strength before 
he was 1 completely exhausted, went along the shore, 
encouraging his followers, and entreating them not to 
abandon the last hope, for which he reserved 2 himself 
on the faith of an old prediction. For when he was 
quite a youth, and living in the country, he caught in 
his garment an eagle's nest as it was falling down, 3 
with seven young ones [in it] ; which his parents won- 
dering at, consulted the soothsayers, who told them 
that their son would become the most illustrious of men, 
and that it was [the will of] fate that he should receive 
the supreme command and magistracy seven times. 

3. His attendants advised him to wait until he had 
made preparations of men and mone}^. To which he 
only returned, "They that love me will follow me." 
In a few days he drove the enemy from before the 
city, and took the count prisoner; who, raging at his 
defeat and calamity, exclaimed, "that this blow was 
from fortune ; but valor could make reprisals, as he 
should show, if he ever regained his liberty." 

4. When with infinite toil they had climbed up the 
greater part of that steep ascent, Balboa commanded 
his men to halt, [and] advanced alone to the summit, 
that he might be the first who should enjoy a spec- 
tacle which he had so long desired. 4 As soon as he 
beheld the South Sea stretching in endless prospect 
below him, he fell on his knees, and, lifting up his 
hands to heaven, returned thanks to God, who had 
conducted 5 him to a discovery so beneficial to his 
country and so honorable to himself. 

1 See a, above. 2 See b, above. 3 ad terrain. 

4 See C) above. 5 See $, above. 



8o Latin Composition. 



Lesson 30. 

Indirect Discourse. 

Read attentively § 67, throughout (Indirect Dis- 
course), noticing carefully the Remark on page 187. 

Remark. — 1. The Indirect Discourse in Latin corre- 
sponds to the common reporting of speeches, &c, in the 
newspapers and elsewhere, in which the pronouns and the 
tenses of the verb are changed, and the whole quotation is 
usually introduced by that, following a verb of saying, &c. 
This form of discourse is much more common and highly 
developed in Latin than in English, and may often be used 
in rendering the English direct narrative or quotation. 
Many difficulties and obscurities are avoided in Latin by the 
use of the reflexive pronoun, to refer to the speaker, and of 
the Indicative and Subjunctive moods as given in § 67, 1. 
The rule defining the employment of these moods is as 
follows : — 

a. The main clauses (statements) have their verbs in the 
Infinitive with the subject in the Accusative, as substantive 
clauses dependent on the verb of saying, &c. (see § 70, 2). 

h. Dependent clauses, introduced by relatives, relative or con- 
ditional particles, and the like, have their verbs in the Subjunctive, 

as INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES (see § 66, i). 

c. Imperative forms of speech take the Subjunctive. 
N. B. For special indirect forms see § 67, i. c, d. 

d. The Subject of the verb must regularly be expressed in 
indirect discourse, though a pronoun omitted in the direct. Refer- 
ences to the speaker must be made by the reflexives se and suus. 

e. Repetitions of some verb of saying, &c, which are common 
in English for the sake of keeping up the form of indirect dis- 
course, should be omitted in Latin. 

/. Particular attention should be given in translating the apo- 
dosis contrary to fact, which is done by the future participle with 
fuisse (see examples in § 67, i. c). 



Indirect Discourse. 81 

g. Sequence of Tenses is very often violated in indirect dis- 
course for the sake of greater vividness, by the use of primary 
instead of secondary tenses, — but never in a narrative clause 
with cum. 

2. An Indirect Question includes all the cases where an 
interrogative clause, or one introduced by an interrogative 
word (who ? where ? whether ; and the like) is made the sub- 
ject or object of a verb or of some equivalent phrase. As 
most interrogatives, both in English and Latin, have the 
same form with the relatives, care must be taken to distin- 
guish them by noticing whether there is an Antecedent, 
expressed or implied, which is the distinguishing mark of the 
Relative. 

N. B. For other interrogative forms see § 71. 

Exercise 39. 

1. When I came to the foot of the hill, I met with 
a very aged man, who asked me what I was and 
whither bound. I told him that I was a pilgrim going 
to the celestial city. Then said the old man, " Thou 
lookest like an honest fellow. Wilt thou be content to 
dwell with me for the wages that I shall give thee? " 
Then I asked him his name, and where he dwelt. 
He said his name was Adam the first, and that he 
dwelt in the town of Deceit. I asked him then what 
was his work, and what the wages that he would give. 
He told me that his work was many delights, and his 
wages, that I should be his heir at last. 

2. His resolution was immediately formed. He 
rose and called together the officers of Proxenus, and 
addressed them. After 1 having pointed out the mag- 
nitude of the evils which they had to apprehend, 
unless some provision were made without delay for 
their defence, he dexterously turned their attention to 



82 Latin Composition* 

a more animating view of the situation. "Ever since 
they had concluded the treaty with Tissaphernes, he 
had observed with envy and regret the rich posses- 
sions of the barbarians, and had lamented that his 
comrades had bound themselves to abstain from the 
good things which they saw r within their reach, except l 
so far as they were able to purchase a taste 2 of them 
at an 3 expense which he had feared would soon 
exhaust their scanty means." 

3. I fancy, Cephalus, that people do not generally 
acquiesce in these views of yours, because they think 
that it is not your character but your great wealth that 
enables you to bear with old age. For the rich, it 
is said, have many consolations. " True," he said, 
K they will not believe me ; and they are partly right, 
though not so right as they suppose. There is great 
truth in the reply of Themistocles to the Seriphian, 
who tauntingly told him that his reputation was due 
not to himself but to his country. ? I should not have 
become famous if I had been a native of Seriphus, 
neither would you if [you had been] an Athenian.' " 

4. I will tell you [a tale of] what happened once to 
a brave man, Er, son of Armenius, a native of Pam- 
phylia. His story was, 4 that when the soul had gone 
out of him, it travelled in company with many others, 
till they came to a mysterious place, in which were" 
two gaps adjoining one another in the earth, and 
exactly opposite them two gaps above in the heaven. 
Between these gaps sat judges, who, after passing 
sentence, commanded the just to take the road to the 
right, upwards through the heaven; while the unjust 
were ordered to take the road downwards, to the left. 

1 praeterquarn quae. 2 pauca. 3 tantus. 

4 dico. 



Certain Special Constructions. 83 



Lesson 31. 

Certain Special Constructions. 

1. Read carefully §§ 70, 4. c, and 57, 8. ^(Ex- 
clamatory clauses) ; 70, 4. d (" so far from " &c.) ; 70, 
4. £, comparing 58, 11. /" (facere ut) ; 70, 4. g, and 
65, 1. a 9 6 (quin, quominus) ; 72, 3. * (Participle 
with habeo) ; 64, 1. b, with Remark (disguised Pur- 
pose) ; 71, 2. with <z, <5, rf (Double Questions) ; 59, 
3. d, e, f ; 4. d ; '09 2. c (Indicative in conditions 
for Subjunctive). 

2. Some constructions which belong logically under 
the preceding heads have special idiomatic uses in 
Latin. Such are the following : — • 

a. The English exclamations, " The idea that ! " " To think 
that ! " " That ! " and the like, referring to something which has 
actually happened, are expressed by the Accusative and Infinitive, 
usually with the enclitic ne. When referring to so7?iething antici- 
pated or to a mere idea, by ut with the subjunctive, usually also 
with -ne : as, 

1. To think that you should have fallen into such grief for 

me ! te in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse 2 

2. What ! I interrupt you ? eg one ut te interpellem ? 

&. English expressions, like " Far from," or " So far from," 
with a following clause, are rendered in Latin by tantum abest, 
followed by two clauses with ut. The former clause is always the 
subject of abest, which has not a personal subject, as in English ; 
the latter clause is always one of Result, not an independent 
clause, as it often is in English (see examples in Grammar). 

c. Such phrases as "To allow one's self to," "manage to," 
" act in any way in doing a thing," are expressed in Latin by 
facere or committere, with an ut-clause as object. So also where 
verbs want the future infinitive, fore (futurum esse) ut is used. 



84 Latin Composition. 

d. Expressions implying Hindrance, usually (but not always) 
followed in English by from with the participial noun, take in 
Latin a subjunctive clause with quominus (rarely ne). If the 
hindering is negatived, quin may be used instead. The same 
construction is used in Latin with verbs of refusing. Expressions 
like " Not to doubt that (but that) " are regularly followed by 
quin. The accusative with infinitive is to be avoided. " To doubt 
whether," introduces an Indirect Question, and is so to be treated. 
" To hesitate " is expressed by the same verb (dubito), but with 
a different construction — the simple Infinitive. 

e. The English have, with a participle, is sometimes a mere 
auxiliary, corresponding to the Perfect in Latin. Sometimes, 
however, it retains a slight notion of possession, and is then to be 
translated literally, with habeo or teneo. Thus — 

1. I have guarded the prisoners, captivos custodii. But — 

2. I have the prisoners guarded (under guard), captivos 

haheo custodltos. 

f. Parenthetical expressions, like " To be brief," " To say no 
more," " So to speak," are really expressions of Purpose, and are 
to be so treated in Latin : as, 

Not to be tedious, the enemy were beaten and put to flight, 
ne longus sim 9 hastes piilsi et fugati sunt. 

N. B. As this expression is elliptical, the sequence of tenses 
is disregarded. 

g. For the treatment of Double or Alternative Questions, con- 
sult the forms in the Grammar (§ 71, 2). 

h. In stating the propriety, possibility, and the like, of a future 
action, or one that has not been performed at all, Latin employs 
the Indicative, expressing it (as it were) as a general truth, where 
English uses the Potential, treating it as a particular case. For 
example — 

1. It would be tedious to follow up the matter, longtim est 

rem persequi. 

2. It would befit us to mourn (but we do not), nos decebat 

lugere. 

3. How much better would it have been! Quanto melius 

fuerat I 



Certain Special Constructions. 85 



Exercise 30, 

I. I do not doubt that you fully agree with me 
regarding the motives and the consequences of 
Caesar's murder. I, for my part, cannot avoid feeling 
both sorrow and indignation, whether 1 I consider the 
victim or l the assassins in that great crime. What- 
ever may have been the ambitions or the vices of his 
earlier public or private life, they cannot prevent us 
from regarding his death at this time as the most 
serious calamity to the Roman people, or from con- 
demning and execrating the infamous conspiracy that 
slew him. Not to speak of the glory and empire 
won to Rome by his victories, he was the first con- 
queror in civil war who refused to make it an occasion 
of massacre and revenge. Far from following the 
example of violence which the partisans of Pompey 
had threatened, he had 2 disciplined and controlled 
his forces, so as effectually to check the fury of 
slaughter or the lust of plunder. At least, his mercy 
to his enemies, after the victory at Pharsalia, should 
have 3 forbidden all thoughts of private resentment. 
[To think] that Marcus Brutus, whom he not only 
had spared on the field of battle and in the hostile 
camp, but even called his son, should strike the dead- 
liest blow against him ! that Cicero, who had so 
lately extolled with fulsome praise 4 his pardon 5 of 
Marcellus, should with yet greater fervor have gloried 
in the manner of his death ! Was it the hope of real 
liberty, or was it jealousy of his more vigorous genius 
and more dazzling glory? 

1 sive. 2 habeo. 3 deb7ierat. 

4 effusis lati dibits efferre. 5 Clause with quod. 



86 Latin Composition. 

2. But the death of Cassar could not cause 1 true 
and lasting freedom to exist in a city which had 
beheld the murder of Gracchus, the massacres of 
Marius, the proscriptions of Sulla, the profligacy of 
Catiline, the violence of Clodius !. The wicked act 2 
of his enemies did not hinder Rome from becoming 
subject to the tyranny of a Caesar ; it did prevent it 
from enjoying a firm peace and an enlightened rule 
under the ancient forms of the commonwealth. It 
kindled again the fury of civil war. It destroyed the 
remnant of those ancient families and the authority of 
the Senate, which had made the glory of Rome. It 
extinguished the freedom of debate, and all confidence 
among men. It committed the destiny of the Repub- 
lic to the hands of Mark Antony and Octavianus. 
It removed the mighty Julius, to prepare the way for 
Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero. 

1 Lit. "bring it to pass that," &c. * f acinus. 



VOCABULARY. 



Note. — In using this Vocabulary, it should be borne in mind that the Latin terms 
here given are not in all cases the best or even the ordinary equivalent of the English 
words, but such as appear to be best suited to the passages where these occur. They 
need not, therefore, prevent the use of such other terms as may be preferred. In select- 
ing the right word, where several are given, it will often be necessary to consult the Latin 
lexicon. For numerals, reference should be had to the Grammar. Where numbers 
occur, they may be written in Roman numerals, but should always be read in full, as 
Latin words. 

The small figures mark the conjugations of the verbs. In general, the gender only 
of the less usual forms of nouns is given, and in verbs only those principal parts which 
are required. Adjectives in us, when not otherwise marked, are to be declined like bonus. 



A. 

A, an, usually omitted ; a cer- 
tain, qttidam. 

abandon, relinquo, amitto? 

abide, maneo* mansi. 

abode, to make, habito. 1 [circa. 

about (here and there), passim ; 

above, supra (ace), insuper ; 
above all, 7naxime. 

abroad, to get, emano. 1 

abstain, temper o. 1 

abundance, abundantia, ae. 

abundant, satis (with gen.). 

abuse (v.), abut or? usus. 

academy, academia, ae. 

accept, accipio? cepi. 

accompany, comitor. 1 

account (v.), habeo* existimo} 

account, on — of, ob, propter 
(ace.) ; it is of — , interest (see 
§ 50, 4. d). (See p. 29). 



accuse, accuso. 1 

accustomed, to be, soleofsolitus. 

achieve, gero? gessi. 

acquiesce, consentior* sensus. 

Acron, Acron, onis. 

across, trans (ace). 

act (n.), factum, i. 

act as, se gerere; — a part, par- 

tes agere, tueri. 
acting, actio in scena. 
actor, actor, oris. 
Adam, Adamtis, i. 
add, addo. s 
addition of territory, fines pro- 

moti. 
adjoining, conjunctus, 
address, adloquor* appello} 
admire, miror. 1 
advance, progredior* gresstis. 
advantage, utilitas, atis ; I have 

the — of, me adjuvat quod. 
advise, hortor, 1 moneo} 



88 



Latin Composition . 



affair, res> rei (f.). 
affections, animi, orum. 
afflicted, adflictus. 
afraid, to be, timeo? ui. 
after, post. 
afterwards, postea. 
again, iterum, rursus, postea. 
against, contra, adversus (ace). 
Agamemnon, Agame?nnon y 

onis, ace. ona. 
age, aetas, atis (f.). 
aged, confectus {provectus) ae- 

tate, longaevus. 
agitate, commoveo? movu 
ago, abhinc. 

agree, adsentior^ (dat). 
agreeable, gratus, a, um. 
aid, auxilium, i. 
air (music), cantus, us. 
alarm, terreo, 2 ui. 
alarmed, territus (abl.), sollici- 

tus; — for, metuens (dat.). 
alas, vae! 

Alcibiades, Alcibiades, is. 
all, omnis, e (whole), totus, solus 

(gen. ius), 
all in a body, universi. 
allied, conjunctus. 
allot, tribuo, z ui, utum. 
allow, potestatem dare (dat.). 
ally, socius, L 
almost, fere, paene. 
along, praeter. — alone, solus. 
along with, tma cwn. 
already, jam. 
also, quoque. 
altar, ara, ae. 
although, quanquam. 
altogether, omnino. 
always, semper. 
ambassador, legatus, L 



ambition, ambitio, onis ; cupid- 

itas, atis (f.). 
ambitious, a?nbitiosus. 
among, inter (ace.) ; sometimes 

expressed by dat. ; apud. 
ancestor, proavus, /, auctor 

generis ; pi., majores, um. 
ancient, antiquus, vetus, eris. 
and, et, -que (enclitic), atque. 
anger, ira (visit with, persequi). 
animal (wild), /era, ae (f.) ; the 

lower animals, bestiae. 
animating, laetus. 
answer, respondeo? di, sum. 
annual, annuus, sollemnis. 
Antipater, Antipater, tris. 
antiquities, antiquitas, atis (f.). 
anxiety, sollicitudo, inis (f.). 
anxious, sollicitus. 
any, ullus, ullo 7nodo ; — one, 

quisquam, quivis(p. 18) ; does 

any ? num quis f 
Apennines, Apenninus (sc. 

mons), i (m.). 
apparel, vestitus, us ; in funeral 

— , sordide vestitus. 
appear, appareo, 2 ui'j videor? 
appease, lenio, A placo. 1 
apply (for aid), se conferre,peto. 
apprehend, metuo? 
apprise, do ceo} 
appoint, praeficio (gen.). 
appointed (to head), praefec- 

tus datus. 
approach (n.), adventus, us. 
approval, gratia, ae. 
arbitration, arbitrium, i. 
arbitrator, arbiter, tri. 
archbishop, archiepiscopits, i. 
arduous, arduus. 
Argos, Argi, orum. 



Vocabulary. 



8 9 



aristocracy, nobilitas, atis. 

arm (v.), armo. 1 

armed, armatus. 

arms (weapons), arma, orum. 

army, exercitus, us. 

arrival, adventus, us. 

arrive, perveniof advenio. A 

arrogance, arrogantia, ae. 

arrow, sagitta, ae. 

art, ars, tis (f.). 

artificial, artificiosus. 

artisan, opifex, ids. 

Aruns, Arum, Aruntis. 

as, ut; (when), cwn. 

as . . as, tam . . qua?n. 

as if, as it were, tanquam. 

ascent, ascensus, us. 

ashamed, to be, pudere (impers. 
§ 50, 4. c). 

aside, se- (verb-prefix). 

ask, rogo* quaero 3 sibi (ab). 

assassin, sicarius, i. 

assassinate, interficio? occido? 

assistance, auxilhtm, i. 

assume, sumo, 3 adrogo. 1 

assumed, si77iulatus. 

Assyrian, Assyrius. 

at, with name of town, locative ; 
near (not in), apud, ad; as 
cause (as " alarmed at "), abl. ; 
at all, 07Jininoj at once, statim. 

Athenian, Atheniensis, e. 

Athens, Athenae, arum. 

attached to, conjunctus cuni. 

attack, aggredior? gressus. 

attain, adsequor? 

attempt (v.), conor} 

attempt (n.), conatus, us (m.). 

attend, comitor ; l to — the ses- 
sion of the Senate, in Sena- 
tum ire. 



attendant, s cites ^ i. 
attention, to pay, spectoj* to 

turn, animum revocare. 
attitude, status, us. 
attractive, jucundus. 
audacious, audax, acis. 
augury, augurium, i. 
authority, auctoritas, atis (f.). 
avenge, ulciscor? ultus. 
avert, averto, ti, sum. 3 
avoid, fugio? fugi, evito ; 1 I 

cannot — , non possum non. 
await, exspecto. 1 
awake, e somno excitare. 
aware, to be, animadvert ere. 
away, to be, abesse. 
awhile, aliqua?ndiu. 
axe, securisj is (f.). 



babe, infans, tis. 

banish, pello? pepuli, pulsum ; 

expello. 2 
bank, ripa, ae. 
bar (v.), claudo? di, sum. 
barbarian, barbarus. 
barbarously, saeviter. 
barren of, to be, careo 2 ui 

(abl.). 

battle, proelium, i (n.); pugna, 
ae (f.) ; field of battle, acies, 
ei (f.), locus ubi pugnatur. 

bay, sinus, its. 

be, su7n (see paradigms of com- 
pound tense) ; to be so, ita se 
habere; — able, posse. 

beach, litus, oris (n.). 

hear,fero,ferre, tuli, latui7t. 

bear Up, sustineo 2 ui. 



9° 



Latin Composition . 



bear no relation to, nihil at- 

tinere ad. 

beard, barba, ae. 

beast, wild, fera, ae. 

beating, vis, vis (f.). 

beautiful, pulcher, a, um. 

beauty, species, ei, forma, ae. 

because, quia. 

become, fio, fieri (or passive). 

before, ante, antehac, ante- 
quam. 

begin, incipio? cepi; coepi. 

beginning, initiu?n, i. 

behalf, in, pro (abl.). 

behave, se gerere. 

behind, post; go behind, se- 
quor? 

behold, contueor, video, conspicio. 

believe, credo 3 (dat). 

belong, esse (with gen. or dat.) ; 
pertineo, 1 ui (ad). 

bench, subsellium, i. 

beneath, subter. 

beneficent, beneficus (use su- 
per!). 

beneficial, utilis, e. 

besides, praeter, praeterea. 

besiege, oppugfto. 1 

besiegers, obsidentes. 

best, optimus; (adv.) optime, 
maxime ; (of two) magis. 

bestow, dono. 1 

betray, prodo? ostendo? 

better, melior, us. 

between, inter (ace). 

bid, jubeo? jussi. 

bind, obligo. 1 

bird, avis, is (f.). 

birth, by, natu. 

bite, mordeo, 2 momordi. 

bitter, acerbus. 



bitterly, vehementer. 

blame, culpa, ae. 

bland, blandus. 

blast, of music, clangor, oris 

(M.). 

blow (a blast of an instrument), 

edo. z 
blow, ictus, iis (m.); plaga, ae 

(f.), vulnus, eris (n.). 
boar, aper, apri. 
boast, glorior, 1 praedico 2 de. 
bodily gifts, bona corporis. 
body, corpus, oris (n.) ; of men, 

agmen, inis (n.). 
bolster-up, subvenio 4 (dat.). 
bondage, servitus, utis (f.). 
book, liber, bri (m.). 
booty, prae 'da, ae. 
borders, fines, iuin (m.). 
born, natus ; to be — , nascor? 
both, uterque, utraque, utru?n- 

que, gen. utriusque; both . . 

and, et . . et. 
bound, obligatus ; to be going 

anywhere, tendere. 
bow one's head, se inclina?'e. 
boy, puer, eri. 
brave, fortis, e. 
break, frango? fregi, fractum. 
break up, confringo. 
breathe, exspiroj 1 anima7n 

efflare, to breathe one's last. 
breathing, spiritum ducens, 
breeze, aura, ae. 
bribe (v.), corrumpo, 3 rupi, rup- 

tum. 
bribes (n.), dona, orum. 
bribery, ambitus, iis (m.). 
bridge, pons, pontis (m.). 
bright, clarusj — distinctions, 

praeclara. 



Vocabulary. 



9 1 



brilliant, clarus, insignis, e, 
splendidus. 

bring, adfero, irr., porto, 1 duco, 
per duco ; 8 — to an end, cotifi- 
cioj 3 — to pass, efficio? 

broken, fr actus, turbatus. 

brother, f rater, tris (m.) ; — in- 
law, uxoris frater. 

brutality, immanitas, atis (f.). 

brute, bestia, ae (f.). 

build, aedificoj l military works, 
roads, &c., munio. 4, 

building, aedificium, i. 

bulk, ?nagnitudo, inis (f.). 

bull, taurus, i. 

burn (v.), ardeo, 2 si. 

burst, inrumpo. 3 

business, negotium ; make it 
one's — , operam ponere in. 

but, sed, autem (§ 43, 3. b), ta- 
men; but if, sin, quod si j — 

buy, emo. z [for, nisi (with verb). 

by (near), ad; (with passives) 
ab, a (abl.) ; means, ablative 
alone (see p. 28) ; by far, 
longej be by (near), adesse. 



c. 

Cadiz, Gades, ium (f.). 

Caesar, Caesar, arisj adj., Caesa- 
rianus. 

Caenina (of), Caeninensis, e. 

calamity, calamitas, atis (f.). 

call, appello* advoco; 1 — to 
mind, commemorare j l — upon 
(for opinion), sententia?n ro- 
gare ; — together, convoco. 

camp, castra, orum (n.) ; of the 
camp, militaris, e. 



campaign, bellum, i. 

can, possum, posse, potui. 

candidate, to become (for con- 
sul), consulattim petere. 

cap, pileus, i (m.). 

capitol, capitolium, i. 

captain, dux, ducis. 

captivated, captus. 

capture (v.), capio. 3 

capture, expugnatio, onis (f.). 

care, cura, ae. 

careful of, studiosus (gen.). 

carry , porto, 1 fero, deicio. 3 

Carthage, Carthago, inis (f.). 

Carthaginian, Carthaginiensis. 

cast, proicio j 3 — the parts of a 
play, distribuo. 

cast, j actus (part, of jacio). 

cat, fe lis, is. 

catch, excipio j 3 — at, cap to. 1 

Catiline, Catilina, ae. 

Cato, Cato, onis. 

Caudine Forks, Furcae Cau- 

dinae. 
cause to suffer, aliqua re adji- 

cere ; efficere ut. 
cause, res, reij causa, aej res 

(plur.). 
cavalier, eques, itis. 
cavalry, eques, itis, pi. 
celebrate, celebro. 1 
celestial, caelesiis, e. 
censor, ce?isor, oris ; one who 

has been — , censorius, i. 
censure, reprehendo? 
chain, vinculum, i. 
chair, sella, ae (f.). 
champion, defensor, oris. 
chance, occasio obi at a j casus, 

us (m.) ; by chance, forte. 
change, muto. x 



9 2 



Latin Composition . 



character, indoles, is (f.). 

charge, accusatio, onis (f.). 

Charles, Carolus, i. 

chariot, currus, us (m.). 

chase, venatio, onis (f.). 

chastise, verbero. 1 

check, repri?no. z 

cheer, recreo. 1 

cherish, gero? gessu 

chief, dux, cis j princeps, ipis. 

chief- town, caput gentis. 

chiefly, maxime. 

child, puer, i; adj. puerilis, e. 

children, liberi; young — , pueri, 

orum, infantes. 
childless, orbus. 
chink, rima, ae. 
choose, delego? gij (of officers) 

facioffecij creo. 1 
Cicero, Cicero, onis. 
circle, circulus j (v.) circa esse. 
circumstance, res, rei. 
citizen, civis, is. 
city, urbs, urbis, civitas, atis 

(f.) ; of the — , urbanus. 
civil, civilis, e. 
claim, vindico. 1 
class, ordo, inis (m.). 
claw, unguis, is (m.). 
cleft, fissus (part, of fin do). 
clemency, dementia, ae. 
client, cliens, tis. 
climb, scandOj 3 adscendo? 
close (v.), claudo, z si, su?n. 
close to, prope a (abl.). 
closed, clausus. 
clothed, vestitus. 
coast, litus, oris (n.). 
coil, volvo? 
cold, algor, oris (m.). 
colleague, collega^ ae. 



college, collegium, L 

colony, co Ionia, ae. 

come, veniof venij — - across, 
transeo, irej — forward, ex- 
sis to j 3 — in (of wind), ad- 
flare j — to, pervenio 4 ad, ac- 
cedo 3 ad. 

comeliness, forma, ae. 

command (v.), jubeo? jussi; (in 
office), praeessej be master 
of, impero? 

command (n.), imperatum, i ; 
supreme — , imperium, ij by 
— , jussu. 

commander, imperator, oris. 

commanding, dux, ducis (gen.) ; 
as descriptive adj., augustus. 

commend, laudo. 1 [commit to. 

commit (an act), facio, efficio^ 

common (in common), commit? 
nis, e. 

common people, plebs, is (f.). 

commonwealth, res publica. 

communicate, impertio.* 

community, populus, i. 

companion, socius, i. 

compare, comparo.^ 

company: in — with, una cu?n. 

complete, adfinein perduco* 

completely, plane. 

compelled, coactus (cogo). 

compose, concipio, scribo. z 

compulsion, under, coactus. 

comrade, comes, itis. 

conceal, celo 2 (two ace), occulo. 2 

concerns, it, refert (§ 40, 4. d). 

conclude (make), facio 2 

condemn, damno, 1 reprehendo? 

condition, condicio fortunae; 
fortunae, arum. 

conduct (v.), duco? deduco. z 



Vocabulary. 



93 



conduct (n.), facta, orum. 
confederation, foedus, eris (n.). 
confer on, defer o ad, confer o in. 
confidence, fiducia, ae, fides. 
confidence, to have — in, con- 
fido 3 (dat). [obsecro. 

conical, coni (gen.). — conjure, 
connect, conjungo* 
connected, conjunctus. 
conquer, vinco, B vici, victum s 

devinco. 
conqueror, victor, oris. 
consequences, exitus, its (sing.). 
consider, existimo, 1 considero. 1 
consideration, res, rei (f.). 
consistent, to be, congruo* 
consolation, solatio, consolatio, 

onis (f.). 
conspicuous, to be, emineo? 
conspiracy, conjuratio, onis. 
conspirator, conjurator, oris. 
conspire, conjuro. 1 
consul, consul, ulis ; (one who 

has been), consularis. 
consulship, consulatus, us (m.) ; 
in one's consulship, consul, in 
appos. with name. 
consult, consulo* ui (§ 51, 2. 

a 3 ). 
consume, consumo. 3 
contempt (with), fastidiens, lis. 
contend (as with difficulty), 

lab or o x (abl.). 
content, contented, contentus 
(abl.) ; wilt thou be — , satin 
habes f 
continue, persequor* secutus ; 
— in pursuit, hostes consec- 
tari. 
contrary to, contra (ace). 
control, moderatio, onis (f.). 



controlled, frenatus. 
convict, convinco? dam no. 1 
corner, angulus, i. 
counsellor, to have, in consili- 
um adhibere. 
count (a title of rank), comes, 

itis. 
countless, innujnerabilis, e. 
country, regio, onis; terra, ae ; 
(one's native), patria, ae j — 
people, agrestes, iiun, rus- 
tici, orum j in the — , ruri. 
court, aula, ae. 

covered, tectus (f.) coopertus; 
(here and there, as with dwell- 
ings), sparsus. 
cowardice, ignavia, ae. 
cowardly, ignavus. 
cradle, area, ae. 
crafty, dolosus. 
crawl, serpo 3 
create, creo ; 1 facio 3 feci j con- 

stituo. B 
credit (v.), confido? 
credit (n.), laus, dis (f.). 
Creon, Creon, ontis. 
crime, scelus, eris (n.). 
crisis, discrimen, inis (n.). 
cross, tra?tsire. 
crowd, co7iiitatus, its, turba, 

ae. 
crown, corona, ae ; (royal power), 

imperium. 
cruel, crudelis, e. 
cry, clamo j 1 — out, clamo, ex- 

clamo} 
cultivated, cult7is. 
curious, memorabilis, e. 
curule, curulis, e* 
custom, mos, moris (m.). 
cynic, cynicus. 



94 



Latin Composition. 



D. 

danger, periculum, i. 
dangerous, gravis, e. 
daughter, filia, ae. 
day, dies, diei (m.), (rarely F. 

in singular). 
dazzling, clarus. 
dead (slain), occisus. 
deadliest, gravissimus. 
dearly, care, carissime. 
death, mors, tis; condemn to 

— , damnare capitis (§ 50, 4. b), 

morte multarej put to — , in- 

terficere. 
debar, prohibeo? ui, Hum. 
debase, depravo. 1 
debate, sententias dicere. 
debt (kindness), beneficium, i. 
deceit, fallacia, ae. 
deceive, decipio? 
decemvir, decemvir, viri. 
decide the contest, decerto. 1 
decision, judiciu?n, i. 
declare, nuntio, x adjirmo} 
dedicate, dedico. 1 
deed, factum, i. 
deem, puto. 1 
deeply, vehe7nenter. 
defeat (v.), super 0} 
defeat (n.), calamitas, clades. 
defend, defendo; defence, salus. 
degree (to what — ), quo. 
delay, mora, ae, 
deliberate, delibero. 1 
delight (v.), delecto} 
delight (n.), gatidium, i; delec- 

tatio, onis (f.) ; oblectamen- 

tU7H, i. 

deliver, libero, 1 Irado. 3 
deliverer, liberator, oris. 



demand, postulo, 1 flagito?- 
Demosthenes, Demosthenes, is. 
deny, nego. 1 

depose (a king), regno spolio} 
deprive, orbo, 1 privo y 1 — of 

voice, vocem eripere (dat.). 
deputation, legatio, onis (f.). 
descended, genitus (with abl.). 
descend, descendo? 
descent, genus, eris (n.). 
desert (n.), desert a, or urn. 
deserted, desertus. 
desire, cupio, z ivi (with ace or 

infin. ), Jubeo. 2 
desire (n.), cupido, inis (f.). 
despatch, conficio? interficio* 
despise, contemno? psi. 
despoil, spolio. 2 

despotism, dominatio, onis (f.). 
destiny, fortuna, ae. 
destroy, deleo, 2, evi, etum. 
destroyer, perditor, oris. 
destruction, exitiwn, i. 
detected, delectus. 
determine, statuo ; 3 — on, ca- 

pere. 
detestable, nefandus. 
devoid, expers, tis (with gen.). 
devotions (of — ), precandi 

(gen.), 
dexterously, dextre. 
diadem, diadema, a tis (N.). 
dictator, dictator, oris. 
dictatorship, dictatura, ae. 
die, morior, 2 mortuus. 
die out, exstinguor? 
die (n.), alea, ae. 
dignity, dignitas, atis (f.). 
difficult, difficilis, e. 
dinner, cena, ae (f.). 
dip, lingo, 3 tinxi, tine turn. 



Vocabulary. 



95 



direct, viam monstrare. 
disappear, evanesco? uu 
disaster, clades, is (f.). 
discharge, praesto, 1 stiti. 
disciplined, coercitus. 
discontinue, abrogo. 1 
discourse (v.), disputo. 1 
discovery (conduct to — ), effi- 

cere ut inveni}'et. 
discredit, infamia, ae (f.). 
disease, morbus, i (m.). 
disgrace, ignominia, dedecus. 
display, praebeo. 2 
di spirited, fractus animo. 
displease, displiceo, ui (dat.). 
disposer, rector et moderator. 
disposition, voluntas, ati's. 
disregard, neglego, xi. 
dissatisfied, non contentus. 
dissembler, simulator, oris. 
dissolution, solutio, onis (f.). 
distinguish, laudibus ornare; 

with distinction, honorifice. 
distress, res adversae. 
distribute, distribuo. z 
distrust, diffidentia, ae. 
disunion, dissensio, onis (f.). 
divide, divido 3 si, sum. 
divine, aivinus. 
diviner, haruspex, icis. 
divinity, natura divina. 
do, facio 3 feci, factum. 
dog, cam's, is (gen. pi. canum). 
dominion (subjects), civitas, 

atis (f.). 
doom : to seal — , pemicies at- 

que exitium esse. 
door, fores, iu7n (f.) ; porta, ae 

(f.) ; out of doors, for as. 
doubtful, dubius. 
downward, deorsum. 



drama, fabula, ae. 

draw up, subduco ; 3 troops — , 

copias instruo. 3 
drink (n.), potio, onis (f.). 
drive, pello? pepuli, pulsum. 
drowned : to be — , mortuus 

esse submersus. 
dry, siccus. 
dry (up), exsicco. 2 
due, to be, deberi. 
duly, rite. 

duty, munus, erisj officium, i. 
dwell, habito. 1 



E. 

eagerness, earnestness, studi- 

um, i; eagerly, avide. 
eagle, aquila, ae. 
earlier, prior, oris. 
early, mane. 
early-ripe, maturus. 
earnest : in — , serio. 
earth, terra, ae ; surface of — 

expressed by omnis. 
ease, tranquillitas, atis (f.). 
East, oriens, tis (m.) ; of the 

— , Asiaticus. 
easy, facilis, e. 
educate, educo. 1 
education, disciplina, ae. 
effectually, penitus. 
effeminacy, mollities, ei (f.). 
effort, to make, nitor* 
Egyp^ Aegyptus, i (f.). 
elder, major (natu). 
elect, creoj 1 facio, 3 feci, f actus. 
election (as consul), constda- 

tus, us (m.). 
elegy, elegia, ae. 



9 6 



Latin Composition* 



elephant, elephantus, i. 

eloquence, eloquentia, ae. 

emblem, signum, i. 

eminent, illustris, e. 

empire, imperium, i. 

employ, utor, 8 usus. 

empty, inanis, e. 

enable, facere tit ftossim, 

encounter (v.), confligo 3 cum. 

encourage, cohortor. 1 

end (v.),finio. 4 

end, finis, is (m.) ; at an — , 
fi?iitus; bring to an — , confi- 
cioffeci; —of, extremus. 

endanger, in periculum addu- 
cere. 

endless, sine fine. 

endowed, praeditus. 

endure, fero {perferd), tuli; ca- 
pable of enduring, patiens, tis. 

enemy, hosiis, is (" the enemy," 
usually plur.) ; a personal — , 
inimicus, i. 

energy, studium, t. 

engage, adhibeo? ui, itum. 

engage in, inire. 

engaged, occupatus.. 

English, Angli, orum. 

enjoy (fruit), percipio? 

enlightened rule, imperimn sa- 
pienter ad7ninistratum. 

enmity, odium, i. 

Enna (man of), Hennensis, is. 

enrich, locupleto} 

ensign, insigne, is (n.). 

enter, introj 1 ineo, irej — a 
ship, conscendo.* 

enterprise, conatus, us (m.). 

entire, totus (gen. ius). 

entitle, inscribo. 3 

entreat, obsecro. 1 



envenomed, venenatus. 

envy, invideo j invidia. 

Epidaurian, Epidaurius. 

Epirots, Epirotae, arum. 

equal, par, paris. 

equally, non minus. 

establish, conloco. 1 

estate, praedium, i. 

esteem (v.), aestimo. 1 

Etruscan, Etruscus. 

even, etiam j not — , ne . . qui- 

de?n j — as, ut. 
event, factum, ij eventus, its 

(M.). 

ever, unquam; (always), semper. 

every, everybody, quisque, qui- 

libet, omnis, unusquisque (p. 

i 9 ). 

everywhere, ubique, ubivis. 
evil, malus; (n.),incommodum, i. 
exactly, plane. 
exalted, excelsus. 
example, exemplum, u 
except, praeter (ace.), nisi. 
excess, ni?nium. — excel, excello. 
excited, concitatus. 
exclaim, cla?no. x 
execrate, exsecror. 1 
exercise (v.), exerceo* ui, itum. 
exercise (n.), exercitatio, onis 

(use plur.). 
exert, exerceo? ui. 
exertion, labor, oris (m.). 
exhaust, conficio? exhaurio.^ 
exigency, necessitas, atis (f.). 
exile, exsilium, i; to be in — , 

exsuloj 1 an — , exsul, iilis. 
expel, expello 3 puli, pulstim. 
expense, pretium, i. 
experience (v.), obire (ace.). 
exploit, res gesta. 



Vocabulary. 



97 



expose, obicio, z jeci; offer o. 
exterminate, exstirpo. 1 
extinguish, restinguo,* nxi. 
extirpate, exstirpo. 1 
extort, extorqueo, 2 torsi, 
extraordinary, extraordinarius. 
extremely, express by superl. 
eye, oculus, i (m.). 



face, vultus, ils (m.). 

facilitate, adjuvo, 1 juvi. 

failings, vitia, orum. 

fair share, jus ta pars. 

fair-speaking, blandiloquus. 

faith : on the — of, fretus (with 
abl.). 

faithful, fidus. 

Falerian, Falerius. 

fall, cadof pereoj — to the lot 
of, obtingo, tigi (of office, use 
rather obtinere, of the man 
chosen); let — , deicio ; — in 
with, occurroj* — upon, in- 
vader e in; — down, decido;* 
— on one's knees, in genua 
procumbere. 

false, falsus. 

faltering, vacillans, tis. 

fame, fama, ae. 

family, famiiia, ae. 

famine, fames, is (f.). 

famous, clarus. 

fancy, opinor} [late. 

far, by far, longe; far and wide, 

farewell, vale. 

fate, fatu7n, i; For tuna, ae. 

father, pater, tris; parens, tis ; 
of the fathers, patrius. 



fatigue, labor, oris (m.). 

fault, culpa, ae. 

favor (v .), faveo , 2 favi, fautum. 

favor (n.), benefichun, i. 

favorable, secundus j prove — , 
bene succedere. 

fear (v.), timeo, 2 metuo? vereor* 

fear (n.), timor, oris j ?netus, ils. 

feeble, exiguus. 

feel, sentiof sensij adficior (with 
abl.). 

fellow, vir, viri. 

ferment, agitatio, onis (f.). 

fervor, studium, L 

festival, festus dies. 

few, aliquot, pauci, ae,a. 

field, ager, gri (m.), arvum, i. 

fierce, acer, feroxj fiercely dis- 
puted victory, acerrimis pug- 
nis parta. 

fig, ficus, ils (f.). 

fig-tree, ficus, i (f.). 

fight (v.), pugno; — a battle, 
committor 

fight (n.), pugna, ae. 

figure, species, ei {¥.), statura. 

fill, compleo, impleo? 

find, invenio 4 video. 2, 

finish, per ago. z 

fire, ignis, is (m.). 

firm, firmus \ 

first, prim us ; at — , primoj (be- 
forehand), ante. 

fitting, to be, decere. 

fix,jigo. s 

flame, Jiamma, ae (f.), ignis, is 

(M.). 

flee, fugio? fugi ; confugio. 
fleet, classis, is (f.). 
flight, fuga, ae. 
flock, pecus, oris (n.). 



9 8 



Lathi Composition . 



flo& fustibus caedere. 

fLovr,fuo, 3 xi, xum. 

foe, hostis, is (m.). 

fold, sinus, us (m.). 

follow, sequor, 3 insequor, imitor. 

follower, comes, itis. 

food, cibus, i (m.). — foot, pes. 

foot, of hill, imus collisj — (in- 
fantry), pedes, itis (pi.). 

for (prep.), pro (abl.) ; often 
expressed by dative (§ 51, 
7. R.). 

for, nam, enim, etenim (§ 43, 3. 
d) ; (instead ol), in loco. 

forbid, veto, 1 ui. 

forces, copiae, arum. 

forest, silva, ae. 

forfend: heaven — , di omen 
avertant. 

forget, obliviscor? oblitus (§ 50, 
4. a). 

forgetting, oblitus (gen.). 

forgive, ignosco 3 novi. 

fork, furca, ae. 

form (v.),facio, capio. 8 

form (n.), forma, ae; (political) 
instiiutu7n, i. 

former (the), ille, a, ud. 

forsaken, desertus. 

forth : to go — , egredi. 

fortify, munio* 

fortitude, for titu do, inis (f.). 

fortress, castellan, i (n.). 

fortune, fortuna. 

forum, forum, i. 

forward : to come, exsistere. 

found, condo, 3 didi; to — a col- 
ony at, coloniam deducere 
(with ace). 

franchise, civitas, atis (f.), jus, 
juris (n.). 



free, liber, era, um; — (as a 
gift), gratititus j — town, mu- 
nicipium; freedom, libertas. 

friend, amicus, ij intimate — , 
familiaris. 

friendly, to be,faveo, 2 favi. 

friendship, amicitia, ae. 

fringe, praetexo, 3 ui. 

from (out of), ex j (away from), 
ab; (by reason of), propter 
(see p. 33). 

frugal, parcus. 

frugally, frugaliter. 

fruit, fructus, us. 

full, plenus; —measure, summus. 

fully, bene, plane. 

function, mumis, eris (n.). 

furious, ferox, ocis. 

further (adj.), reliquus. 

fury, saevitia, ae, furor, oris 

(M.). 

future, futurus. 

G. 

Gabinian law, Gabinia lex. 

gain (v.), pario, z peperi, par- 
turn ; sibi conciliare. 

gain (n.), quaes tus, us. 

gain over, concilio. 1 

gallant, fortissimus. 

galley, navis, is (f.). 

games, ludi, oru?n. 

gap, hiatus, us (m.). 

garment, vestis, is (f.). 

gate, janua, porta, ae (f.). 

gather, carpo 3 psi. 

Gaul (the land), Gallia, aej 
(the people), Galli, orum. 

gay, laetus. 

general (n.), imperator, oris. 



Vocabulary, 



99 



generally, fere (see " men "), 

VlllgO. 

genius (intellect), ingenium, i. 

German, Germanus. 

get, adipiscorj — away, effugio. 

getting round, circumfusi. 

gift, donum, ij tnunus, en's. 

gifts, dona, orutn. 

gigantic, ingens, lis, immanis, e. 

give, do, 1 dedi, datum ; tribuo, 3 
adhibeo ; 2 — back, reddoj 3 — 
new strength ; — place, cedo, z 
cessi; — to one's self, sumo? 

glory (v.), glorior. 1 

glory (n.), gloria, ae, laus, dis 
(f.), decus, oris (N.),fama, ae. 

go, eo, ire, ivi, itui7i; ftrocedo? 
iter facioj 3 — on behind, 
sequor ; 3 — out, egredi 3 ex- 
cedo, z exire ; — up to, adire, 
accederej so goes, ita se ha- 
bet. 

goat, caper, pri (m.). 

god, deus, i (§ 10, 4-/)- 

good, bonus j make — , compen- 
sare ; be — for, convenire 
(dat). 

goodness, virtus, utis (f.). 

governor, praefectus, L 

grandson, nepos, oils. 

gratitude, occasion of, gratum, 
res grata. 

great, magnus, immanis. 

greatly, multumj so — , tanttun, 
magnifice. 

Grecian, Greek, Graecus. 

greeting, salutatio, onis (f.). 

grief, luctus, us(m.); dolor, oris, 
(m.). 

groan, gemitus, us (m.). 

gross, gravis, e. 



ground, terra; on the — , humi. 

group, agmen, inis (n.). 

grow up, adolesco 3 evij — out, 

provenio. 4, 
guard (n.), custos, odis. 
g\ist,fatus, us (m.). 



habitation, domicilium, i, 

hail, appello. 1 

hall, aula, ae. 

halt, consisto. 3 

hand, manus, us (f.) ; holding 
in — , ipse manu tenens ; 
(power), potestas, atis (f.) 

Hannibal, Hannibal, dlis. 

happen, accido. z 

happiness, felicitas, atis (f.). 

happy, felix, icis. 

harbinger, praetiuntia, ae. 

harbor, portus, us (m.). 

hardship, labor, oris (m.). 

hardy, durus. 

harsh treatment, crudelitas, 
atis (f.). 

Hasdrubal, Hasdrubal, dlis. 

hasten, propero. 1 

hastily, temere. 

hateful, odiosus. 

hatred, odium, i. 

haughty, arrogans, tis. 

have, habeo? ui, itum ; (take to 
one's self), adhibeo 2 (see p. 84). 

head (n.), caput ', itis (n.). 

head-quarters, castra; appoint- 
ed to — , praefectus, with gen. 

health (state of), valetudo, inis 

(F.). 

hear, audio.* 



IOO 



Latin Composition . 



heart, animus, i. 

heat, calor, oris (m.). 

heaven, caelum, L 

heifer, juvenca, ae. 

heir, heres, edis. 

help, auxilium, i. 

herald, fetialis, is. 

herdsman, pastor, oris. 

here, hicj — and there, passim. 

hereditary, pat emus. 

heritage, her edit as, atis (f.). 

Hesiod, Hesiodus, i. 

high, altus, excelsus. 

highest, summus, maximus. 

hill, 7nons, collis (m.). 

hinder, i7npedio.* 

hindrance, impedi77ientum, i 

(N.). 

his (of his), ejus j reflexive, 

suus. 
history, historia, ae. 
hold, teneo ; 2 — out, propgno. 
holiday, dies festus. 
home, do77tus, us j domicilium, 

i ; at — , domi. 
Homer, Ho7nerus, i. 
honest men, boni % orum. 
honesty, probitas, atis (f.). 
honey, 77tel, 7nellis (n.). 
honor (v.), colo? ui, cultiun. 
honor (n.), decus, oris (n.) ; 

ho7tor, oris (m.) ; dignitas, 

atis (f.) ; with — , honeste. 
honorable, honorificus. 
hope (n.), spes, spei(F.) ; voium, i. 
hopeless, inutilis, e. 
Horace, Horatius, i. 
Horatian, Horatius. 
horn, cornu, us (n.). 
horse, eqzius, i; war-horse, 

equus 7nilitaris. 



hostile (of the enemy), hostilis, 

ej (actively hostile), infetisys? 
hostilities, bellum. 
hour, hora, ae; in an—-, mo- 

77iento temporis. 
house, domus, us (f.). 
how, quamj — much, quantmn, 

quant o ; interrog., quomodo. 
however, tame7i, vero, qua77i- 

vis j — large, quantui7i vis. 
human, hu7na7ius. 
humble, humilis, e. 
humbled, fr actus. 
humiliation, molestia, ae. 
humility, with great, 1iU77iilli77ie. 
hunger, fames, is (f.). 
hunter, venator, oris. 
hurry (v.), proper o. 1 
hurtful, to be, noceo, 2 ui. 
husband, 7naritus, u 



I, ego j I for my part, ego vero 

(or equidem). 
ides, idus, uum (§ 84). 
idleness, socordia, ae. — if, si. 
ignorance, inscitia, ae. 
ignorant, ig7iarus. 
ill, 7nale. 

illustrious, clarus, praeclarus. 
Illyrians, Illyrii, ormn. 
image, i77iago, inis (f.). 
imitate, i7nitor. 1 
imitation, i77titatio, onis (f.). 
immediately, statim, illico. 
immortal, se77ipiternus. 
immovable, i7n7nobilis, e. 
impart, com7nu7iico 1 cu7n. 
impatient, i7npatie7ts, tis. 



Vocabulary. 



101 



impend, impendeo? 

implore, oro. 1 

important, potens, tis, 

impression, see memory. 

improper, minus aptus. 

in, in, de (abl.). 

increase (v. a.), adaugeo, 2 xi, 

ctum (in neut sense, use pas- 
sive). 
increasing, major, us, 
indeed, quidem, 
independence, libertas, atis (f.). 
indifference to, contemptio, 

onis (f.) (with gen.). 
indignation, ira, ae, indignatio, 

onis (f.). 
indolence, ignavia, ae, 
induce, induco? 
infamous, turpis, e, nefandus. 
infamy, ignominia, ae, 
inferior, inferior, us, 
infinite, summus. 
inflict death on, morte multare. 
influence, to have, gratia valeo. 2 
influenced, adfectus, 
inform, certiorem facio, 
inhabit, habito. 1 
inherit, accipio? 
inheritance, her edit as, atis (f.). 
injury, injuria, ae j do no — , 

nihil nocere (dat.). 
insolently, insole?tter. 
inspiration, spiritus, us (m.). 
inspire, animum dare j may the 

gods — , di duint, 
instance, for, quidem, 
instantly, statim, 
instead of, pro (abl.); in loco 

(with gen.). 
instil, instillo 1 (ace. and dat.). 
institute, conslituo? instituo. 3 



instructed, ceriior f actus, 
insult (n.), contumelia, ae, 
insurgents, use seditio. 
intelligence, intelligentia, ae, 
intend, in animo esse {habere). 
intention, consilium, i. 
intercede, deprecor. 1 
interest, to be one's — , inter 

esse (gen. § 50, 4. d), 
interests, utililates et com?noda, 
interregnum, interregnu?n, i. 
interrupt, inter rwnpo? rupi. 
interval, tempus, oris (n.). 
intimate (adj. or noun), famili- 

aris, is, 
into, in (ace), 
intolerable, intolerabilis, e, 
introduce, induco, z duxi, 
invade, invado* di, sum, 
invaders, hostes inrmnpentes. 
invasion, inruptio, onis (f.). 
invent, invenio.* 
invention, inventa, orum (n.). 
inventor, inventor, toris (m.). 
inventress, invenirix, trie is 

(F.). 

inviolable, inviolatus, 

invite, invito, 1 oro} 

irritated, moleste fere?is. 

island, insula, ae, 

Italian, /talus. 

Italy, Italia, ae. 

ivory, ebur, oris (n.) ; of ivory, 

eburneus, 
Insubrians, Insubres, ium. 



jealous, invidus (gen.). 
jealousy, invidia, ae, 
jest,jocus, i; pl.joca. 



102 



Latin Composition. 



join in, accedei'e ad, jungere se 

(dat.) ; in a military sense, 

militare cum aliquo, 
joined to, conjunctus cum, 
joy, gaudium, i, [tri, 

judge (n.), judex, icis, arbiter, 
judicial -pom ex, judicium, i. 
Jugurtha, Jugurtha, aej (adj.), 

Jugurthinus, 
Julian (adj.), Julius, a, urn. 
Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis. 
just, Justus, 

just now, nunc maxime. 
justice, aequitas, tatisjjustitia, 

ae. 



keep, servo; 1 — silence, taceo. 2 
kill, interficio? occido* 
kind, comis, e, benevolus. 
kindle, incendo? 
kindly, comiter, blande. 
kindness, beneficium, i; as a 

quality, comitas, facilitas, atis 

(f.), benevolentia, ae, 
king, rex, regis; (adj.), regius, 
kingdom, regnum, i, 
knee, genu, us (m.). 
knife, cultellus, i, 
knight, eques, itis, 
know, scio, 4, nosco, 3 novi; Intel- 

lego; 3 (be aware), sentio.* 
knowledge, scientia, ae. 



labor, labor, oris (m.). 
lake, lacus, us (m.). 
lament, moleste ferre. 



lamp, lucerna, ae. 

land, terra, ae, 

language, or alio, onis ; verba. 

large, magnus, 

lasting, diuturnus. 

last, duro, 1 

last (adj.), ultimus; at — , tan- 

de7n, ext7'emum. 
lastly, denique. 
latest, supremus. 
lastly, denique, 
Latium (of), Latinus, a, um. 
latter (the), hie, haec } hoc (see 

P. 13). 
law, lex, legis (f.). 
lay, impono; 3 — hand on, tango, 
lay hold, teneo 2 tango 3 
lay down, deponere, 
lead (v.), duco, 3 adduco, 2 duxi, 

ductum ; — away, abduco. 3 
leader, dux, ducis, 
leap into, insilio, 4 ui; — over, 

transilio,* ui, 
learn, disco, z didici, 
learned, doctus, — at least, saltern, 
leathern, ex pellibus /actus, 
leave, relinquo, z liqui; (go from), 

egredi; (proceed), prqficisci, 
left (hand), sinistra, ae. 
legion, legio, onis (f.). 
length, at, tandein, nunc demum. 
less, inferior, us; minus. 
let fall, demittere, 
let loose, libero, 1 
lethargy, stupor, oris (m.). 
letter, epistola (ula), ae, 
levy, conscribo? 
liar, mendax, acis, 
libation, liba7nentum, i. 
liberate, libero} 
liberator, liberator, toris. 



Vocabulary. 



103 



liberty, libertas, tatis (f.). 

liberties, jura (n.). 

Libyan, Libycus. 

Uejaceo, 2 ui; — upon, esse (gen.). 

life, vita, aej in the life- time of, 

lift, tollo, 3 sustuli. \vivus (abl.). 

light (adj.), lev is, e. 

lighted (illuminated), inlustra- 

tus j (kindled), accensus. 
like (adj.), similis, e (gen. or 

dat.) ; (adv.), velut, ut. 
lineage, genus, eris, 
linger, moror. 1 
lion, leo, onis (m.). 
listen (to), audio.* 
literature, litterae, arum. 
little, paulum; how — (adv.), 

quam non; distance, paulum. 
live (v.), vivo, z vixi ; habito. 1 
long, longus, diuturnusj — 

since, jamdudumj as — as, 

quamdiu ; no longer, nonja?n. 
look out, prospicio; like, videor. 
loose (let), libero, 1 emitto? 
loquacious, loquax, acis. 
lord, do?ninus, ij to be — , 

potior 4, (gen. § 54, 6. d). 
lose, amitto? 
loss, detrimentum, i. 
loudly, vehejnenter. 
love (n.), amor, oris (m.) ; cari- 

tas, atis (f.) ; lover, amans. 
lower, inferior, us. 
lust, cupido, inis (f.). 
luxuriously, luxuriose. 



M. 

Macedonian, Macedonicus ; 2, 
Macedonian, Macedo, nis. 



mad scheme or conduct, /^r^r. 
magnitude, magnitudo. 
magistrate, magistratus, us. 
maintain, defendo? 
make, facio,* feci; reddoj z — 

good, compenso ; l — way, 

cedo ; 3 — for (seek), peto? 
man, homo, inis, vtr, i (m.) ; 

men generally, magna pars 

hominumj a man who, is qui. 
manner, mos, 7noris (m.). 
many, multi, plurimij so — , 

tot j very — , plerique. 
March, (of), Martius. 
march (v.), proficiscor? profec- 

tus ; progredior, 2 gressus ; iter 

facere. — margin, ora. 
march (n.), iter, itineris (n.). 
mariner, nauta, ae (m.). 
market-place, forum, i. 
marriage, matrimonium, i ; — 

with, conubiumj to give in — , 

nuptum dare. 
marry (of the man), duco, 3 duxi 

(sc. in matrimonium ) or uxo- 

re?n in appos.) ; of the woman, 

nubo? nupsi (with dat.). 
Mars, Mars, Martis. 
Marsian, Marsus. 
martial, bellicus. 
marvellous, mirus. 
mask., persona, ae. 
mass (of troops), caterva, ae. 
massacre (v.), trucido} 
massacre (n.), caedes, is; truci- 

datio civium. 
master, do?ninus, i. 
matron, matrona, ae. 
may, licet (impers.), possum. 
mean-time, in terea : means, opes. 
measure, consiliian, i (m.). 



104 



Latin Composition . 



mediation, deprecatio, onis (f.). 

meet, occurro? nanciscor* nac- 
tus, invenio.* 

memorable, memorabilis, e. 

memory, ?nemoria, ae ; our 
memories excited by our im- 
pressions, animis memoria 
plenis recenti earum rerum 
quas sensibus percepimus. 

men (soldiers), milites, um. 

menial, servus, i. 

mercy, dementia, ae, 

merit, virtus, utis (f.). 

message, mandatum, i. 

midst of, medius. 

mighty, magnus ille. 

might, possim (subj.). 

Milan, Mediolanu?n, i. 

military, bellicus, ?nilitaris, e. 

mind, mens, tis; animus ', i. 

mine, cuniculi, orum. 

mingle, misceor. 2 

misery, miseria, ae, 

misuse, pravus usus. 

Mithridatic, Mithridaticus. 

model, exemplum, i. 

moderate, modicus. 

modern, hodiernus. 

monarchy, imperimn, i. 

money, pecunia, ae. 

monstrous, immanis, e. 

morass, palus, udis (f.). 

more, plus, amplius, magis. 

morning, in the — , mane (n.) ; 
(adj.), matutinus. {dies. 

morrow (next day), posterns 

mortal, mortalis, e. 

most (men), pleriqtie j (adv.), 
maxime. 

mother, mater, tris. 

motive, causa, ae. 



mountain, mons, tis (m.) ; (adj.), 

montanus. 
mountaineer, ?nontanus. 
mourning, luctus, us (m.). 
mouth, os, oris (n.) ; of river, 

ostium, i. 
move, moveo, 2, movi. 
moved, permotus. 
movement, 7notus, us (m.). 
moving, incedens, tis. 
much, multum, multo, magni. 
multiply, multiplico. 1 
multitude, multitudo, inis (f.). 
Mulvian, Mulvius. 
municipal law, jus civile. 
murder (v.), occido, 2 trucido} 
murder (n.), caedes, is. 
mutter, summissa voce dicere. 
my, mens, a, u?n (voc. M. mi). 
myself, ego. 
mysterious, secretus. 
monument, monwnentum. 



N. 

name (appoint), creo. 1 

name, nomen; in the — , verbis. 

narrow, tenuis, e ; angustus, a, 

umj narrow pass, angustiae. 
nation, gens, lis; natio, onis. 
nature, natura, ae. 
naval, navalis, e. 
near, vicinus ; (prep.), prope ; 

(adv.), juxta, haud procul ; 

nearest relatives, proximi. 
nearly, paene. [i. d). 

necessary, opus (in pred. § 54, 
need, requiro ; 3 to have — , opus 

esse (dat. and abl.) ; to be in 

— , egere. 



Vocabulary. 



io 5 



neglect, neglego? 

negligence (act of), delictum, i. 

neighbor, vicinus, Jlnitimus, a, 
um. 

neighborhood, vicinia, ae, vi- 
cinu7ti, i. 

negligence, negligentia, ae. 

nest, nidus, i (m.). 

never, nunquam. 

nevertheless, nihilo minus. 

new, novus. 

next (of two), posterus ; of 
several, ftroximus. \noctu. 

night, nox, noctis (f.) ; at — , 

no (adj.), nullusj (adv.), nihil. 

nobility, nobilitas, at is (f.). 

noble, nobilis, e (to emphasize 
quality, use superlative) ; no- 
bles (as a party), nobilitas. 

noblest, summus. 

not, non; as question, nonne ; 
— to, tie; if - —? si minus. 

nothing, nihil, nee quicquam. 

now, nunc; (already), jam ; (of 
past time), turn ; (emph.), hie 
nunc; (at this age), hoc aetatis. 

number, numerus, i ; great 
numbers, multitudo. 

numerous, magnus. 

Numidian, Numida, ae. 



oath, jusjurandum (§ 14, 2. d). 
obedience, obedientia ; uncon- 
ditional — , obed. otnnium re- 

TU771. 

obey, pareo, 2 ui, itu?n. 
object, causa, ae; (definite) con- 
silium, i. 



obliged, coactus (part, of cogo). 
observe, animadverto? 
obstacle, difficultas. 
obtain, adsequor, consequor? 

secutus ; adipiscor, 3 adeptus. 
occasion, occasio, tempus. 
occur, jio,jieri, /actus. 
ocean, oceanus, i (m.). 
odious, invisus. 
of, usually expressed by gen. or 

possessive (see p. 35). 
offensive, odiosus. 
offer (v.), offerre, polliceri, prae- 

stare, imponere. 
offer (n.), condicio, onis (f.). 
office, magistratus, us; dignitas. 
officer, praefectus, i. 
often, saepe. 
oil, oleum, i. 

old, vetus, eris; (of age), natus. 
old age, senectus, tutis (f.). 
old man, senex, se?zis. 
older, major. 
omen, oimn, inis (n.). 
on, in (abl.) ; — , de. [sus. 

once, quondam;, — more, rur- 
one, units (gen. ius); the — 

. . . the other, alter . . . 

alter. — at once, statim. 
only (adj.), solus (gen. ius), 

unicus ; (adv.), modo, solum, 

tantujn. 
onset, impetus, its (m.). 
open (v.), recludo* si, sum. 
opinion, sententia, ae. 
opportunity (favorable), occasio, 

onis. 
oppose, resisto, B stiti. 
opposed, contrarius ; — in war, 

adversus aliquem pugnare. 
opposite, contra, alter, a, U7n. 



io6 



Latin Composition. 



opposition, opposition onis. 
oppression in one's province, 

repetundae. 
oppressive, gravis, e. 
or, aut, velj (as altern.) an, - ne 

(§71,2). 
oracle, oraculmn, i. 
oration, oratio, onis (f.). 
orator, orator, oris j (adj.), or a- 

torius. 
order (v.), jubeo* jussi. 
order, ?nandatum, ij by — of, 

jussuj (rank), ordo, inis. 
other, alius, a, ud; (of two), 

aliter (§ 47, 9), ceteri, reliquij 

some — , aliquis. 
ought, debeo? oportet (impers. 

with ace), 
our, noster, tra, trum. 
out, ex (in compos.), 
outlive (to have), superstes esse, 
outside (prep.), extra. 
over, supra, trans (ace.) 
overcome, supero. 1 
overflowed, superfusus. 
overhear, excipio. z 
overflow, se eff under e per 

(ace). 
overturn (neut.), evertor. 3 
overwhelmed, confectus. 
owe, debeo, 2 ui. 
own (often omitted), gen. of ipse 

in appos. with possessive ; 
proprius. 



painstaking, diligentia, ae. 
Palatine, Palatinus, i. 
palm-tree, palma, ae. 



Pamphylia, Pamphylia, ae; 

(adj.), Pamphy lien sis* 
pang, dolor, oris (m.). 
pardon (v.), ignosco, novi. 
pardon (n.), venia, ae. 
parent, parens, tis. 
part, pars, tis (f.), (meaning duty, 

&c., use plur.) ; for the most 

— , magna ex parte. 
partisan, fa utor, oris. 
partly, aliqua {magna) ex parte. 
party, pars, tis (f.) (generally 

plur.) ; f actio, onis. 
pass a law, legem ferre; — 

over, supero, 1 praetergredi, 

praeterferri '; (time), ago. 3 
passion (for), cupiditas, atis 

(f.) (gen.) ; passions, pertur- 

bationes ani?ni. 
patience, patientia, ae. 
patrician, patricius. 
patron, pat r onus, i. 
pay, solvo. 3 
peace, pax, pads ; in — , con- 

cors, dis. 
peaceful, quietus. 
peculiar, proprius. 
Penates, Penates, iu?7i (m.). 
penetrate, penetro} 
peninsula, peninsula, ae. 
people, populus, i (m.), plebs, is 

(f.), homines. 
perfection, in, perfecte. 
perform, ago, 3 fungor. 3 
peril, periculum, i. 
perish, pereo, ire, ii. 
perpetual, sempiternus. 
Perses, Perses, is. 
persuade, persuadeo 2 (dat ) ; 

friendly persuasion, arnica 

verba. 



Vocabulary. 



107 



Pharsalus, Pharsalus, ij (adj.), 

Pharsalicus. 
Philip, Philippus, i. 
Philometor, Philometor, oris, 

ace. or a. 
philosopher, philosophus % i. 
Physcon, Physcon, onis. 
pilgrim, peregrinator, oris. 
pillar, columna, ae. 
pipe, tibia, ae. 
pirate, praedo, onis. 
pity (v.), have — on, misereor 2 

(gen. person). 
place (v.), impono, 3 depono y 3 — 

at the head, praepono 3 (dat.). 
place (n.), locus, ij pi. /oca, 

orum. 
play (on instrument), canoj 3 — 

a part, partes agere. 
player, histrio, onis. 
pleasant, commodus. 
please, placeo, 2 ui, itumj (wish), 

volo. 
pleasure, voluptas, atis (f.). 
pleasure-grounds, horti deli- 

cati. 
plebeian, plebeius. 
pledge, polliceor* 
plot, conjuratio, onis (f.). 
plunder, praeda, ae. 
plunge, inicio, 3 jeci. 
poet, poeta, ae (m.). 
poetry, versus, uurn (pi.) (m.). 
point out, indico. 1 
poison, venerium, i. 
polished, excultus. 
pollution, violare. 
Pompey, Pompeius, ij (adj.), 

-anus. 
poor, miser, era, umj pauper, 

eris. 



populace, vulgus, z (n .). 

population, multitudo homi- 
num. 

position, locus, i (pi. loed). 

possession, possessio, onis, ager, 
gri. — posterity, posteri (pi.). 

posted, collocatus. 

pour (neut), se f under e. 

poverty, egestas, atis (f.) 

power, potestas, atis (f.) ; (do- 
minion), imperium, i (n.) ; 
potentia, ae (f.). 

powerful, pot en s, tis. 

praise (v.), laudo. 1 

praise (n.), laus, dis (f.). 

pray, precor. 1 

prayer, carmen precationis. 

precede, anteeo, ire. 

prediction, vaticinatio, onis (f.). 

preparations, to make military 
— , copias parare. 

prepare (a way), munio.* 

prepared, paratus. 

present (n.), munus, eris (n.). 

present (adj.), praesens, tis. 

preserve, conservo. 1 

preserver, conservator, oris. 

prevail, vinco? 

prevent, impedio. x 

priest, sacerdos, otis, pontifex, 
icis. 

principal, maximus. 

prison, career, eris (m.). 

prisoner, captivus, i. 

private (citizen), privatus, u 

privation, inopia omnium re- 
rum. 

prize, praemium, i. 

proceed, progredior. 3 

produce, efficio? 

professed, apertus* 



io8 



Latin Composition . 



professions (verbal), verba, pro- 
missa. 

profit (v.),fructum capere. 

profligacy, flagitia, orum. 

promise (v.), promitto? polli- 
ceor* itus; edico* 

promise (n.), promissum, i. 

promontory, promuntorium, i. 

proof, testimonium, i. 

property, bona, orum. 

propose, fero, ferre. 

proscribe, proscribo . 3 [(f.). 

proscription, proscription onis 

prosecute, persequor. 3 

prospect (in), ante oculos. 

prostrate, prostratus. 

proud, superbus. 

proudly, superbe. 

prove (try), experior. 1 

province, provincia, ae. 

provision, to make, provideo. 2 

provisions, com?neatus, uum. 

public, publicus. 

Punic, Punicus. 

purchase, emo, 3 emi, emptum. 

pure, purus. 

purple, purpureus. [ — , qua re. 

purpose, consilium, i; for what 

pursue, persequorj 3 celeriter ad 
consectandum, in hot pursuit. 

push (against), trudo. z 

put, pono, 3 posui, positum; — 
an end to,Jinioj 4 — to death, 
interftcioj 3 — off (shore), sol- 
vere navem. 



quaestor, quaestor, oris. 
quality (good), virtus, utis (f.). 



quarter (district), vicus, i (m.). 

quickly, celeriter. 

quiet, quies, etis (f.). 

quiet, quietus ; remain — , qui- 
esco, 3 evi. 

quietly, quiete. 

quit, relinquo, 3 reliquu 

quite, admodum. 

quoth, inquit (after the first 
word or words of the quota- 
tion). 

R. 

rage, ira. 

raging, iratus, fur ens, tis. 

rags, squalor, oris (m.). 

raise, tollo, 3 sustuli, sublatum. 

rank, ordo, inis (m.). 

rascal, improbus, i. 

rather, potius. 

reach, mantis, uum (f.). 

read (aloud), recito. 1 

reader, lector, oris. 

ready, paratus ad. 

real, verus. 

reap (fruit), capere. 

reason, ratio, onis (f.), res, rei 

(F.). 

reawaken, denuo concito. 1 

recall, revoco} 

receive, accipio 3 (excipio), cepi, 

ceptum. 
recognize, agnosco, 3 novi; (hold 

valid), ratum habere. 
recollection, recordatio. 
recommend, commendo. 1 
recommendation, commenda- 

tio, onis (f.). 
recompense, to make, compen- 

sare. 
recount, me7?toro 1 commemoro} 



Vocabulary. 



109 



recourse, to have, se conferre 

ad. 
recover, recupero. 1 
recovering, expe?'rectus. 
redeem, compenso. 1 
reed, arundo, inis (f.) 
reedy, arufidinibus praetextus. 
refinement, humanitas, atis(F.). 
refuge, perfugium, i; take — , 

confugio? 
refusal, reaisatio, onis. 
refuse, recuse 1 
regain, recipio? 
regard (think), existimo ; l — 

for, studium (gen.) ; pay — , 

rationem habere, respicere; re- 
regret, dolor, oris, [garding, de. 
reign (v.), regno?- 
reign (n.), regnum, i. 
reject, r ecu so, 1 eicio, 2 jeci. 
relation, to bear, attineo? 
relative, propinquus. 
relief, opts (gen.), em (f.). 
rely on, confido 3 (dat.). 
relying, fretus (abl.). 
remain, 77ianeo? mansi. 
remainder of, remaining, re- 

liqims. 
remark, animadverto? 
remarkable, insigtiis, e. 
remember, recordor l (§ 50, 4. 

a, R.). 
remembrance, recordatio, onis. 
remind, moneo? ui, itum. 
remnant, reliquiae, arum. 
remote, ultimus. 
remove, averto, z amoveo. 2 
renounce (allegiance to), impe- 

rium abicere. 
renovate, renovo. 1 
renown, laus, dis (f.). 



repay (a kindness), referre. 
repent, paenitet. 
repeat, iterum with verb. 
reply, respondeo? di, sum. 
reply, responsmn, i. 
report, nuntio, 1 dico. B 
represented, expressus. 
representative, exempium, i. 
reprisals, to make, compensare. 
republic, respublica (§ 14, 2. d.). 
reputation, fama, ae. 
require, postulo. 1 
rescue, servo. 1 
resentment, simullas, alls (f.), 

iracundia, ae. 
reserve, reservoj 1 — to one's 

own use, sibi adservare. 
residence, domictlium, i. 
resign (office), abdico; 1 (power), 

depono? 
resist, resisto, 8 stiti. [g er 0- 

resistance, contendere (inf. or 
resolution, consilium, i. 
resolve, constituo? 
rest-of, reliquus. 
restless, inquietus. 
restore, renovo, 1 restituo? 

reddo? 
retire, abeo, ire (abl.). 
return, revertor 2 regredior, 2 

redeo, respondeo; on his — , 

rediens, tis ; — thanks, agere. 
return (n.), reditus, us (m.). 
revenge, ultio, onis (f.). 
revive (neuter), renascorj 3 

(trans.), 7'estituo. 2 
revolution, civilis motus (m.). 
reward, praemium, ij to give 

as — , donare. 
rich, dives, itis, opimus. 
riches, divitiae, arum. 



no 



Latin Composition. 



right, rectus, a, wn ; rights, 

jura, um (n.) ; to think — , 

recte sentire. 
right hand, dextra, ae. 
ring (signet-ring), anulus, i. 
rise, or tor 2 (iniin. oriri), coorior, 

ortus ; surgo, B surrexi. 
rival, aemulus, L 
river, flumen, inis (n.). 
road, iter, itineris (n.). 
rob, spolio. 1 

robe, toga, ae, vestis, is (f.). 
roll (for writing), tabellae, a?'um. 
Roman, Romanics. 
Rome, Roma, aej (as people), 

Romani; (as state), civitas 

Romana (respublicd). 
room, cubiculum, i. [radicitus. 
root, radix, icis; — and branch, 
rose, rosa, ae ; full of roses, 

roseus. — round, circum. 
roving, vagus. 
royal, of royalty, regius. 
ruin, exitium, i. 
rule over, imftero. 1 
ruler, princess, ipis. 
rumor, ru?nor, oris (m.). 
run, curro, z cucurru 
rush, procurroj z — upon, 

inruo? 



S. 

Sabine, Sabinus. 

sacred, sacer, era, um. 

sacrifice, macto. 1 

safe, tutus. 

safety, salus, utis (f.). 

sail (v.), navigo. 1 

sail (n.), velum j sailor, nauta. 



sake : for the — of, causa, fol- 
lowing a gen. 
sallies of wit, facetiae, arum. 
same, idem, eadem, idem. 
sanctuary, aedes, is. 
satellite, satelles, itis. 
satisfied, contentus. 
savage, barbarus. 
save, servo} 
say, dico, 3 aio, inquam (Gr. p. 

81); intr. loquor. 
scarcely, vix. — scanty, exiguus. 
schooled, adsuef actus. 
scorn, ludibrium. 
sea, mare, is (n.) ; (adj.), marinus. 
sea-shore, or a, ae. 
season, tempus, oris (n.). 
seat, sedes, is (f.). 
seated, sedens, tis. 
secession, secessio, onis (f.). 
second, secundus, alter. 
second time, iterum. 
secret, res occulta; — society, 

sodalitas, atis (f.). 
secretary, scriba, ae (m.). 
secure (v.), occupo. 1 
secure : to be — , non dubiam 

spem habere ; to make — , tu- 

tiorem reddere. 
security, securitas, atis (f.) 
sedition, seditio, onis (f.). 
see, video, 2 vidi, visum. 
seek, peto, % cupio z adpeto. z 
seem, videor, 2 visus. 
self-same, idem, eadem, idem. 
seize, prehendo? di, sums 

eripio? 
sell, vendo, z didi. 
senate, senatus, us (m.) ; — 

house, curia, ae. 
senator, senator, oris j adj. -ius. 



Vocabulary. 



in 



send, milto* mist, mis stint, 
sense, sensus, us (m.). 
sensible, prudens, tis. 
sentence, to pass, judicium 

ferre. 
separate, separo. 1 
separate (his own), proprius. 
sepulchre, sepulcrum, z*. 
serious, gravis, e. 
seriously, in serium, 
Seriphus, Seriphus, z (f.) ; (adj.), 

Seriphius. 
servant, servus, L 
serve, servioj* — well or ill, 

bene aut male mereri de. 
servile, servilis, e. 
session, consessus, us (but may 

be omitted ; as, in Senatum 

venire). 
set, potto;* — on foot, incipio? 

cepi, ceptum; — out, projicis- 

cor? fectus ; — sail, navigo. 1 
several, p lures, iumj singulu 
severe, severus. 
severely, saeviter. 
severity, severitas, alt's (f.). 
shade, umbra, ae. 
shaft, telum, i (n.). 
shame, ignominia, ae, dedecus, 

oris (n.). 
share (v .), participo. 1 
share (n.), pars, lis (f.). 
she, ea, ilia. 
she-wolf, lupa, ae. 
shelter, tego, z texi, tectum. 
shepherd, pastor, oris. 
ship, navis, is (f.). 
shivered, pulsus. 
shore, litus, oris (n.) ; go on — , 

in terram egredi. 
short, brevis, e. 



shortly after, paulo post. 

should, &c, see p. 63. 

show, demons tro} 

shrink, abhorreo. 2 

sick, to be, aegroto. 1 

sickness (sea-sickness), nausea, 

ae. 
side (party), pars, tis (f.) ; on 

the — , a parte. 
siege, for the siege of, ad oppug- 

nandutn. 
sight, conspectus, us (m.), spec" 

taculutn, i. 
sign, signal, signum, i. 
signify, sigttifico. 1 
silence, silentiutn, i; in — , 

silentio, tacitej to keep — , 

silere, tacere. [modo, 

simple, inconditus ; simply, 
since, post (ace. ; see p. 40) ; 

ever — , jam itidej postea. 
singular, mirus. 
sister, soror, oris. 
sit, sedeo? sedi. — situation, res. 
skilful, peritus (gen.). 
skill, ars, artis (f.). 
slaughter, caedes, is (f.). 
slave, servus, i; to be a — , 

servioj* — market, grex ve- 

nalium. 
slay, interftcio* feci, fectum, 

caedo, z cecidi, caesus j — with 

cruelty, trucido. x 
slayer, interfector, oris. 
slight, parvus. 
sloth, ignavia, ae. 
small, parvus. 
smite, percutio, z cussi. 
snake, anguis, is, serpens, tis 

(N.). 

snatch, eripio* ui. 



112 



Latin Composition. 



so, sic, itaj — . . as, ita . . ut, 
tarn . . quamj — many, totj 

— great, tantus j — that, adeo 
utj will have it so, sic velle. 

soldier, mites, itis. 

solicitous, sollicitus. 

solid, firmus. 

some, aliquid, nonnullus (p. 18) ; 

— thing, aliquid; — time, 
aliquamdiuj — times, inter^ 
du?nj — ... others, alii, . . alii. 

son, filius, ij in-law, gener, 

eri. 

song, carmen, inis (n.). 

soon, brevi tempore j (present- 
ly), mox ; — after, paulo 
post j as — as, ut primum. 

soothsayer, haruspex, icis. 

sorrow, dolor, oris (m.). 

soul, animus, i; anima, ae. 

sound, sanus} 

south, meridionalis, e. 

Spain, Hispania, ae; (adj.), 
Hispanicus. 

spare, parco, 3 pepercij (refrain), 
tempero. 1 Spartan, Spartanus. 

speak, loquor* locutus j — of, 
commemoro. 1 

spectacle, spectaculum, i. 

spectre, species, ei (f.). 

speculator, fenerator, oris. 

speech, sermo, onis (m.). 

spirit, animus, i (m.), (pi.). 

sport, lusio, onis (f.). 

spot, locus, ij plur., loca. 

spring, ver, veris (n.). 

square (of a city), platea, ae. 

staff, baculum, i. 

stand, sto, z steti, statum ; — 
aside, de via decedere ; — 
(bear), ferrej (be), esse. 



state, civitas, atis; res publica 

(F.). 

stately, procerus. 

statue, statua, ae. 

stature, siatura, ae. 

steep, arduus. 

steer, guberno. 1 

step aside, decedo. z 

stepmother, noverca, ae. 

stick (n.),fustis t is (m.). 

stifle, exstinguo* 

still, etiam turn, etiam nunc, 

adhuc. 
stir up, excito. 1 
stone, saxum, i. 
stop, moror} 
storm, violent, magna tempes- 

tas. 
story, fabula, ae. 
straggle, vagor. 1 
stranded, in terrain delatus. 
strange, novus. 
stream, flumen, inis (n.). 
strength, vires, ium (f.). 
strengthen, confirmo. 1 
stretching, patens, tis. 
strict, severus, exactus. 
strictly, severe. 
strike, percutio ; 3 — down, cae- 

do / 8 — a blow, inferre. 
striking (keen), argutus. 
stroke, mulceo, 2 mulsi. 
strong, validus. 
stronghold, praesidium, i. 
strongly, vehementer. 
studious, studiosus. 
stupidity, stultitia, ae. 
subject, to be, servire. 
subjects, cives, ium. 
submission, obsequium, i. 
submit, se dedere. 



Vocabulary. 



113 



subterranean, sitbterraneus \ 
succeed, succedo 3 cessi. 
success, prosperus eventus, 

successus, us (m.). 
successful, felix, icis. 
succor (help), subvenire. 
suckle, lac to. 1 
such, talis, e j is, ea,id. 
sudden, subitus. [subito. 

suddenly (on a sudden), repente, 
suffer, fero, tulij pallor. 3 
sufficiency, satis, [consciscere. 
suicide, to commit, mortem sibi 
suit, convenio.* 
suitable, idoneus. 
summer, aestas,atis(F.); (adj.), 

aestivus. 
summit, summus mons. 
summon, convoco. 1 
sun, sol, so lis (m.). 
superior, superior, meliorj (abs.), 

optimus. 
support, confirmo. 1 
suppose, puto. 1 
supreme, supremus, stimmus. 
surely, profecto. 
surface of earth, omnis terra. 
surmount, surpass, supero. 1 
surrender (v.), dedo, 3 dedidi. 
surrender (n.), deditio, onis (f.). 
surrounded, stipatus. 
survive, superesse, superstes 

(itis) esse with dat. 
suspend, suspendo, 3 di, sum. 
suspense, cur a, ae. 
swallow (n.), hirundo, inis (f.)* 
swamp, palus, udis (f.). 
swear, juro; l — together, con- 

juro. 1 
sweet, dulcis, e. 
sweetly, jucunde. 



swim, no, nato, trano. 1 
symptom, indicium, i. 
Syracuse, Syracusae, arum (f.). 
Syracusan, Syracusanus, a, 

um. 
Syrian, Syrus, a, um. 



take, capio, 3 cepi, cap turn, port o 1 
duco; 3 (enjoy), fruor z s — 
away, adimo, 3 emi, emptum ; 

— in charge, accipio; 3 — 
part in, cominunicoj x — claim 
for one's self, sibi adrogare; 

— prisoner, capere; — refuge, 
confugere; — up arms, arma 
capere; — by the hand, manu 
arriperej (follow), sequi; — 
seriously, in serium vertere. 

task, opus, eris (n.). 

talents, ingenium, i (use sing.). 

tall, procerus. 

taunt, obiciq, z exprobro. 1 

teach, doceo, 2 ui. 

teacher, doctor, oris. 

tear away, detraho 3 xi, ctum. 

tear (n.), lacrima, ae. 

tell, nuntio, 1 narro, 1 dico. 3 

temperance, temperantia, ae, 

continentia, ae. 
tempest, tempestas, alls (f.). 
temple, templum, i, aedes, is (f.). 
terms, condiciones, um (f.). 
terrify, terreo, 2 ui, itum. 
testimony, testimonium, i. 
than, quam, (or abl.). 
thanks, grates, gratiae, arum. 
that, ut, quod (see pp. 54, 7$) ; 

— not, ne; but — , quin. 



8 



ii4 



Latin Composition. 



the, often expressed by tile. 
theatve,scaena, ae. thence,iude. 
then, turn, inde, deinde, igitur. 
there, ibi. — their, eorum, suus. 
therefore, itaque, qua de causa. 
thing, res, rei (f.). 
think, puto^- reor, 2 ratus. 
this, hie, iste; often qui. 
this day's, hodiernus. 
thong, lorum, i. 
though, quamquam, etiam si. 
thoughtlessness, temeritas, alls 

(F.). 

thought, consilium, i. 
thousand, milk (§ 18, I. e) ; one 

of a — , unus de multis. 
threaten, minor, tninitor l (dat. 

of person) ; impendeo 2 (dat.). 
thronged, refertus. 
through, per, propter, or by abl. 
throw, jacio 3 jeci, j actum; — 

off, abicio* jeci. 
thrown (down), dejectus. 
thus, ita. 
Tiber, the river, Tiberis, is (m.) ; 

the river-god, Tiberinus, i. 
till, donee. — timidity, formido. 
time, tempus, oris (n.) ; for some 

— , aliquamdiu j from — to — , 

inter dum; from that — forth, 

jam indej at the same — , 

tamen. 
tired, fessus ; to be — , taedet 

(§ 50, 4. c). [dative. 

to, ad (ace.) ; often sign of 
to-day, hodie, nunc. 
together, mia. 
toil, labor, oris (m.). 
tomb, sepulcrum, i. [crastinus. 
to-morrow, crasj of — , (adj.), 
tongue, lingua, ae. 



too, nimis j or express by com- 
parative/ (also), quoque. 

tooth, dens, lis (m.) ; grip of — , 
mors us, us (m.). 

torch, fax,facis (f.). 

torment (n.), tormentum, ij cru- 
ciatus, us. 

torture (n.), tormentmn, i. 

towards, erga (ace), ad, versus. 

town, municipium, ij oppidum, 
i; (village), vicus, i (m). 

trace, duco. 3 

traitor, proditor, oris. 

tranquillity, tranquilliias, atis 

(F.). 
transaction, res, rei (f.). 
transgress, ?ninus obediens esse 

(dat). 
travel, iter facere. 
traveller, viator, oris. 
traverse, transire. 
tr eachery, perfidia, ae. 
treason, majestas, atis (§ 50, 

4 . b). 
treasury, aerarium, i. 
treat, tracto ; ! — as a son, in 

filii loco habere. 
treatise, liber, bri. 
treaty, indutiae, arum. 
tree, arbor. — trial, tormenta. 
tribe, tribus, us j gens, tis (f.). 
tribune, tribunus, i. 
trifling, minimus. 
tripod, cortina, ae. [dis (f.). 
triumph, triumphus, ij laus, 
triumphal, triumphalis , e. 
troops, milites, mil. 
trouble, res adversae (plur.). 
troubled, to be, laborare. 
Troy, Troja, ae j of — , Tro- 

janus, a, um. 



Vocabulary. 



"5 



true, verus, a, urn; quidem. 
trust, conftdo? 
trumpet, tuba, ae. 
truth, Veritas, at is (f.). 
turf, caespites, um (plur.). 
turn, verto, 1 ti, sum; — away, 

aver tor j 3 — out-of-doors, 

for as eicio? 
tusk, dens, tis (m.). 
two, duo j where only — , ambo. 
tyranny, dominatio, onis (f.). 
tyrant, tyr annus, i. 



Ufentine, Ufens, tis. 
unambitious, minime ambiti- 

osus. 
uncle, avunculus, i. 
uncover, detego? 
undaunted, invictus. 
under, sub (ace. or abl.). 
understand, recte aestimo? 

teneo? 
undertake, adgredior. z 
undoubtedly, sine dubio. 
unfeeling, durus. 
ungrateful, ingratus. 
unjust, injustus. 
unimpeached, integer incol- 

umisque. 
unhappy, miser, era, um. 
universal, communis, e. 
unless, nisi. — until, donee. 
unprincipled, improbus. 
unprofitable, inutilis, e. 
unrighteous, iniquus. 
unworthy, ihdignus. 
upbraid, obicio, s jeei. 
upper classes, nobiles. 



upon (as living — ), ex. 
upward, sursum. 
urge, suadeo 2 (dat.). 
use (v.), utor, 3 usus. 
use (n.), usus, us (m.). 
useless, inutilis, e. 
utmost (adj.), maxt7nus. 



vast, ingens, tis. 

vainly , frustra, nequicquam. 

Valerian, Valerius, a, um. 

valor, virtus, utis (f.). 

value, pretiu?n, i. 

Veians, Veientes, ium. 

vein, vena, ae. 

vengeance, ulcisci ; of — , use 

gerund. 
venture, audeo, 2 ausus. 
very, per, in compos. (§ 17, 5. 

d) ; — same, ipse, a, umj gra- 

viter; often by superl. 
vice, vitium, i. — vessel, navis. 
victim, hostia, victima, ae (f.). 
victor, victorious, victor, oris 

(m.) ; victrix, ids (f.). 
victory, victoria, ae. 
view, cogitatio, onis (f.) ; sen- 

tentia, ae ; to be with a — , 

pertinere ad. 
vigorous, acer, cris j nervosus. 
violence, vis (f.). 
violent, violentus. 
violently, vehementer, vi. 
virtue, virtus, utis (f.). 
voluntary, voluntarius. 
vote, sententia, ae. 
vow, votu?n, i. 



n6 



Latin Composition . 



w. 

■wages, merces, edis (f.). 

■wait, maneo? mansi; — for, 
exspecto} 

wall (of house), paj'ies, etis (m.) ; 
(of city), murus, z (m.). 

wander, vagor. 1 

want to, opus esse (dat. of per- 
son and abl. of thing) ; to be 
in — of, indigere (gen. of 
thing). 

war, bellum, z'(n.). 

war-horse, equus militaris. 

warlike, bellicosus. 

warrior, virfortis. 

warn, moneoj 2 warning, monitus. 

wasted, confectus. 

watch, observo. 1 

water, aqua, ae. 

wave,fluctus, us (m.). 

way, via, ae; a good — , ali- 
quantum. 

weaken, debilito? 

wealth, copiae, arum. 

wealthy, locuples, lis. 

wear, gero, 3 gessi, gestum. 

well, bene. 

what? quid? — sort ? qualisf 

whatever, quod, with indie. 

when, cum, ubi, ut (p. 67). 

whenever, cum (with indie.). 

where, ubi, quo, qua (§ 41, 2. 
a.). [sive. 

whether, utrum . . an, sive . . 

which, rel., quod; qualis, e; int, 

while, cum. [quis, uter (p. 17). 

white, albus. 

whither, quo. 

who, qui; whoever, quisquis, 
quicumque, siquis. 



who? (interrog.) quis (see p. 

17). 

whole, totus (gen. ius). 

wholly, plane, omnino. 

why, cur, quam ob rem. 

wide, latus ; (of measure), in 
latitudinem. 

wicked, sceleratus. 

wife, uxor, oris. 

wild, ferus, immanis, e ; — 
beast, fera; — fig, caprificus. 

will, volo, velle, volui. 

willing, paratus. 

willingly, volens, its. 

win, concilio, 1 pario; 3 — tri- 
umph, triumphum ago? 

wind, ventus, i. 

window, fenestra, ae. 

winter (v.), hiberno. 1 

wisdom, consilium, i. 

wish, volo, cupio 3 op to} 

with, cum; with me, mecum; 
— himself, &c., secum. 

within, intra, inter ; of time, 
often expressed by abl. (see 
p. 40). 

without, sine; — doing a thing 
(see p. 60). 

wolf, lupus, i (m.) ; lupa, ae (f.). 

woman, mulier, is. 

wonder (n.), miraculmn, i. 

wont, to be, soleo, 2 solitus. 

woodpecker, picus, i. 

word, verbum , i. 

work, ministerium, i. 

world, orbis terrarum; homi- 
nes, um; in the — , omni7io. 

worn out (by age), aetate con- 
fectus. 

worship, colo, z colui, cultum. 

worst, pessimus. 



Vocabulary. 



117 



worthy, dignus (with abl.). 
would, &c, see p. 63. 
wound, vulnus, eris (n.). 
•wounded, vulneratus. 
wretched, miser, era, um. 
write, scribo, 3 psi, ptwn; 

down, conscribo? 
wrong, pravus. 



year, annus, z. 

yesterday, heri ; of — , Hester- 
nus. [etiam. 

yet, tamenj not — , nondum 
you (sing.), tu; (plur.), vos. 



young, ju vents, is; — man, 
adulescens, tis ; juvenis, is ; 
— of birds, pullus, i. 

younger, minor, oris. 

your (of sing, subject), tuus, a, 
umj vester, tra, um, 

yourself, ipse (tu), te. 

yourselves, ipsi, vos. 

youth, puer, eri; juventus, iu- 
tis (f.) ; young man, adules- 
cens, tis. 



Zama (adj.), Zamensis, e. 
zeal, alacritas, a tis (f.). 



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